{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:09:25Z","timestamp":1766268565209,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mobile mapping systems (MMS) are increasingly used for many photogrammetric and computer vision applications, especially encouraged by the fast and accurate geospatial data generation. The accuracy of point position in an MMS is mainly dependent on the quality of calibration, accuracy of sensor synchronization, accuracy of georeferencing and stability of geometric configuration of space intersections. In this study, we focus on multi-camera calibration (interior and relative orientation parameter estimation) and MMS calibration (mounting parameter estimation). The objective of this study was to develop a practical scheme for rigorous and accurate system calibration of a photogrammetric mapping station equipped with a multi-projective camera (MPC) and a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and inertial measurement unit (IMU) for direct georeferencing. The proposed technique is comprised of two steps. Firstly, interior orientation parameters of each individual camera in an MPC and the relative orientation parameters of each cameras of the MPC with respect to the first camera are estimated. In the second step the offset and misalignment between MPC and GNSS\/IMU are estimated. The global accuracy of the proposed method was assessed using independent check points. A correspondence map for a panorama is introduced that provides metric information. Our results highlight that the proposed calibration scheme reaches centimeter-level global accuracy for 3D point positioning. This level of global accuracy demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed technique and has the potential to fit accurate mapping purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T11:12:21Z","timestamp":1574680341000},"page":"2778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Accurate Calibration Scheme for a Multi-Camera Mobile Mapping System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7352-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Khoramshahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry of the Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, Geodeetinrinne 2, FI-02430 Masala, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3430-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry of the Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, Geodeetinrinne 2, FI-02430 Masala, Finland"},{"name":"Cartographic Department, School of Technology and Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 19060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0483-1103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Tommaselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cartographic Department, School of Technology and Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 19060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6307-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niko","family":"Vilijanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry of the Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, Geodeetinrinne 2, FI-02430 Masala, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teemu","family":"Mielonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Land Survey of Finland, Opastinsilta 12C, 00521 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4796-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harri","family":"Kaartinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry of the Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, Geodeetinrinne 2, FI-02430 Masala, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3841-6533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antero","family":"Kukko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry of the Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, Geodeetinrinne 2, FI-02430 Masala, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7236-2145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eija","family":"Honkavaara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry of the Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, Geodeetinrinne 2, FI-02430 Masala, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Mobile mapping systems\u2013state of the art and future trends","volume":"35","author":"Schwarz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. 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