{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:31:03Z","timestamp":1772253063189,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Norwegian Space Centre","award":["NIT.18.17.5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIT.18.17.5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge of the spatio-temporal occurrence of avalanche activity is critical for avalanche forecasting. We present a near-real time automatic avalanche monitoring system that outputs detected avalanche polygons within roughly 10 min after Sentinel-1 SAR data are download. Our avalanche detection algorithm has an average probability of detection (POD) of 67.2% with a false alarm rate (FAR) averaging 45.9, with a maximum POD of over 85% and a minimum FAR of 24.9% compared to manual detection of avalanches. The high variability in performance stems from the dynamic nature of snow in the Sentinel-1 data. After tuning parameters of the detection algorithm, we processed five years of Sentinel-1 images acquired over a 150 \u00d7 100 km large area in Northern Norway, with the best setup. Compared to a dataset of field-observed avalanches, 77.3% were manually detectable. Using these manual detections as benchmark, the avalanche detection algorithm achieved an accuracy of 79% with high POD in cases of medium to large wet snow avalanches. For the first time, we present a dataset of spatio-temporal avalanche activity over several winters from a large region. Currently, the Norwegian Avalanche Warning Service is using our processing system for pre-operational use in three regions in Norway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T04:58:39Z","timestamp":1575349119000},"page":"2863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Near-Real Time Automatic Snow Avalanche Activity Monitoring System Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data in Norway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4997-9593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Eckerstorfer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Group, NORCE\u2014Norwegian Research Centre, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0765-0490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Vickers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Group, NORCE\u2014Norwegian Research Centre, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Eirik","family":"Malnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Group, NORCE\u2014Norwegian Research Centre, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Grahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Group, NORCE\u2014Norwegian Research Centre, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Techel, F., Stucki, T., Margreth, S., Marty, C., and Winkler, K. 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