{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T16:10:52Z","timestamp":1783613452855,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Deployment Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["KFZD-SW-319-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFZD-SW-319-06"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFC0503905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0503905"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the effects of forest type, leaf area index (LAI), canopy cover (CC), tree density (TD), and the coefficient of variation of tree height (CVTH) on the accuracy of different individual tree segmentation methods (i.e., canopy height model, pit-free canopy height model (PFCHM), point cloud, and layer stacking seed point) with LiDAR data. A total of 120 sites in the Sierra Nevada Forest (California) and Shavers Creek Watershed (Pennsylvania) of the United States, covering various vegetation types and characteristics, were used to analyze the performance of the four selected individual tree segmentation algorithms. The results showed that the PFCHM performed best in all forest types, especially in conifer forests. The main forest characteristics influencing segmentation methods were LAI and CC, LAI and TD, and CVTH in conifer, broadleaf, and mixed forests, respectively. Most of the vegetation characteristics (i.e., LAI, CC, and TD) negatively correlated with all segmentation methods, while the effect of CVTH varied with forest type. These results can help guide the selection of individual tree segmentation method given the influence of vegetation characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T04:30:35Z","timestamp":1575433835000},"page":"2880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["The Influence of Vegetation Characteristics on Individual Tree Segmentation Methods with Airborne LiDAR Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qiuli","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shichao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0198-2822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maggi","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA"},{"name":"Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6995-6663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangcai","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 8300026, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Lidar Applied Engineering Technology Research Center, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Land and Resources Information Center, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, 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