{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:51:31Z","timestamp":1760241091688,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671352"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the top\u2010notch university academically funded projects","award":["gxbjZD06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["gxbjZD06"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012692","name":"K. C. Wong Education Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GJTD-2018-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJTD-2018-15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clouds affect radiation transmission through the atmosphere, which impacts the Earth\u2019 s energy balance and climate. Currently, the study of clouds is mostly based on a two-dimensional (2-D) plane rather than a three-dimensional (3-D) space. However, 3-D cloud reconstruction is playing an important role not only in a radiation transmission calculation but in forecasting climate change as well. Currently, the study of clouds is mostly based on 2-D single angle satellite observation data while the importance of a 3-D structure of clouds in atmospheric radiation transmission is ignored. 3-D structure reconstruction would improve the radiation transmission accuracy of the cloudy atmosphere based on multi-angle observations data. Characterizing the 3-D structure of clouds is crucial for an extensive study of this complex intermediate medium in the atmosphere. In addition, it is also a great carrier for visualization of its parameters. Special attributes and the shape of clouds can be clearly illustrated in a 3-D cloud while these are difficult to describe in a 2-D plane. It provides a more intuitive expression for the study of complex cloud systems. In order to reconstruct a 3-D cloud structure, we develop and explore a ray casting algorithm applied to data from the Directional Polarimetric Camera (DPC), which is onboard the GF-5 satellite. In this paper, we use DPC with characteristics of imaging multiple angles of the same target, and characterize observations of clouds from different angles in 3-D space. This feature allows us to reconstruct 3-D clouds from different angles of observations. In terms of verification, we use cloud profile data provided by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) to compare with the results of reconstructed 3-D clouds based on DPC data. This shows that the reconstruction method has good accuracy and effectiveness. This 3-D cloud reconstruction method would lay a scientific reference for future analysis on the role of clouds in the atmosphere and for the construction of 3-D structures of aerosols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T03:16:36Z","timestamp":1575515796000},"page":"2894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Three-Dimensional Cloud Structure Reconstruction from the Directional Polarimetric Camera"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7775-4829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haixiao","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, China"},{"name":"Engineering Technology Research Center of Resources Environment and GIS, Wuhu 241003, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0004-5025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinji","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, China"},{"name":"Engineering Technology Research Center of Resources Environment and GIS, Wuhu 241003, China"}]},{"given":"Safura","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, China"},{"name":"Engineering Technology Research Center of Resources Environment and GIS, Wuhu 241003, China"}]},{"given":"Erchang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, China"},{"name":"Engineering Technology Research Center of Resources Environment and GIS, Wuhu 241003, China"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, China"},{"name":"Engineering Technology Research Center of Resources Environment and GIS, Wuhu 241003, China"}]},{"given":"Zhengqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Arakawa, A. 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