{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:53:11Z","timestamp":1760241191582,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of low-cost, small, modular receivers and their application in diverse scenarios with complex data quality has increased the requirements of single-frequency carrier-phase data preprocessing in real time. Different methods have been developed, but successful detection is not always ensured. The issue is crucial for high-precision positioning with Global Positioning System (GPS). Aiming at a high detection rate and low false-alarm rate, we propose a new cycle-slip detection method based on fuzzy-cluster. It consists of two steps. The first is identification of the epoch when cycle slips appear using Chi-square test based on time-differenced observations. The second is identification of the satellite which suffers from cycle slips using the fuzzy-cluster algorithm. To verify the performance of the proposed method, we compared it to a current robust method using real single-frequency data with simulated cycle slips. Results indicate that the proposed method outperforms the robust estimation method, with a higher correct-detection rate and lower undetection rate. As the number of satellites simulated with cycle slips increases, the correct-detection rate rapidly decreases from 100% to below 50% with the robust estimation method. While the correct-detection rate using the proposed method is always more than 60%, even if the number of satellites simulated with cycle slips reaches five. In addition, the proposed method always has a lower undetection rate than the robust estimation method. Simulation showed that when the number of satellites with cycle slips exceeds three, the undetection rate increases to more than 30%, reaching ~70% for the robust estimation method and less than 30% for the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T03:16:36Z","timestamp":1575515796000},"page":"2896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A New Fuzzy-Cluster-Based Cycle-Slip Detection Method for GPS Single-Frequency Observation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zongnan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beihang University, NO. 37 Academic Road, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0248-9765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenlong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7103-445X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Peihua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Navigation, Xi\u2019an 710068, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Research Institute of Navigation Technology, Xi\u2019an 710068, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A15","DOI":"10.1051\/swsc\/2017043","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of Precise Point Positioning with multi-constellation GNSS data under ionospheric scintillation effects","volume":"8","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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