{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T17:18:01Z","timestamp":1763399881287,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41875031","41522501, 41275028, 41661144043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875031","41522501, 41275028, 41661144043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA20060101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA20060101"]}]},{"name":"the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["QYZDJ-SSW-DQC019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QYZDJ-SSW-DQC019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land surface heat fluxes consist of the net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux. The estimation of these fluxes is essential to the study of energy transfer in land\u2013atmosphere systems. In this paper, Landsat 7 ETM+ SLC-on data were applied to estimate the land surface heat fluxes on the northern Tibetan Plateau using the SEBS (surface energy balance system) model, in combination with the calculation of field measurements at CAMP\/Tibet (Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) Asia\u2013Australia Monsoon Project on the Tibetan Plateau) automatic weather stations based on the combinatory method (CM) for comparison. The root mean square errors between the satellite estimations and the CM calculations for the net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux were 49.2 W\/m2, 46.3 W\/m2, 68.2 W\/m2, and 54.9 W\/m2, respectively. The results reveal that land surface heat fluxes all present significant seasonal variability. Apart from the sensible heat flux, the satellite-estimated net radiation flux, soil heat flux, and latent heat flux exhibited a trend of summer &gt; spring &gt; autumn &gt; winter. In summer, spring, autumn, and winter, respectively, the median values of the net radiation flux (631.8 W\/m2, 583.0 W\/m2, 404.4 W\/m2, 314.3 W\/m2), soil heat flux (40.9 W\/m2, 37.9 W\/m2, 26.1 W\/m2, 20.5 W\/m2), sensible heat flux (252.7 W\/m2, 219.5 W\/m2, 221.4 W\/m2, 204.8 W\/m2), and latent heat flux (320.1 W\/m2, 298.3 W\/m2, 142.3 W\/m2, 75.5 W\/m2) exhibited distinct seasonal diversity. From November to April, the in situ sensible heat flux is higher than the latent heat flux; the opposite is true between June and September, leaving May and October as transitional months. For water bodies, alpine meadows and other main underlying surface types, sensible and latent heat flux generally present contrasting and complementary spatial distributions. Due to the 15\u201360 m resolution of the Landsat 7 ETM+ data, the distribution of land surface heat fluxes can be used as an indicator of complex underlying surface types over the northern Tibetan Plateau.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T03:16:36Z","timestamp":1575515796000},"page":"2899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Estimation of Land Surface Heat Fluxes Based on Landsat 7 ETM+ Data and Field Measurements over the Northern Tibetan Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Atmospheric Observation and Climate Environment Research, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Atmospheric Observation and Climate Environment Research, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaoming","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meilin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Atmospheric Observation and Climate Environment Research, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Atmospheric Observation and Climate Environment Research, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mijun","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Atmospheric Observation and Climate Environment Research, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Atmospheric Observation and Climate Environment Research, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2008). 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