{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T09:32:52Z","timestamp":1777109572604,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO.2016YFA0600101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.2016YFA0600101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41331173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41331173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Five satellite top-of-atmosphere (TOA) albedo products over land were evaluated in this study including global products from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) (TAL-AVHRR), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (TAL-MODIS), and Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES); one regional product from the Climate Monitoring Satellite Application Facility (CM SAF); and one harmonized product termed Diagnosing Earth\u2019s Energy Pathways in the Climate system (DEEP-C). Results showed that overall, there is good consistency among these five products, particularly after the year 2000. The differences among these products in the high-latitude regions were relatively larger. The percentage differences among TAL-AVHRR, TAL-MODIS, and CERES were generally less than 20%, while the differences between TAL-AVHRR and DEEP-C before 2000 were much larger. Except for the obvious decrease in the differences after 2000, the differences did not show significant changes over time, but varied among different regions. The differences between TAL-AVHRR and the other products were relatively large in the high-latitude regions of North America, Asia, and the Maritime Continent, while the differences between DEEP-C and CM SAF in Europe and Africa were smaller. Interannual variability was consistent between products after 2000, before which the differences among the three products were much larger.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T10:41:44Z","timestamp":1575628904000},"page":"2919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of Five Satellite Top-of-Atmosphere Albedo Products over Land"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chuan","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0264-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard P.","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology and National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6BB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2708-9183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunlin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2634.1","article-title":"Earth\u2019s global energy budget","volume":"90","author":"Trenberth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2876","article-title":"An imperative to monitor Earth\u2019s energy imbalance","volume":"6","author":"Palmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1984)065<1170:TERBE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The earth radiation budget experiment (ERBE)","volume":"65","author":"Barkstrom","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5021","DOI":"10.1029\/JD089iD04p05021","article-title":"The earth radiation budget (ERB) experiment: An overview","volume":"89","author":"Jacobowitz","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0853:CATERE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES): An earth observing system experiment","volume":"77","author":"Wielicki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0765:TSERBD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The ScaRaB earth radiation budget dataset","volume":"79","author":"Kandel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2001)082<1397:TSRERB>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"The ScaRaB-Resurs Earth radiation budget dataset and first results","volume":"82","author":"Duvel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Loeb, N.G., Manalo-Smith, N., Loukachine, K., Kato, S., and Wielicki, B. (2002, January 4). A new generation of angular distribution models for top-of-atmosphere radiative flux estimation from the Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES) satellite instrument. Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Atmospheric Radiation, Ogden, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-86-7-945","article-title":"The geostationary earth radiation budget project","volume":"86","author":"Harries","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1712.1","article-title":"Angular distribution models for top-of-atmosphere radiative flux estimation from the Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System instrument on the Terra Satellite. Part I: Methodology","volume":"22","author":"Loeb","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3438.1","article-title":"Arctic surface, cloud, and radiation properties based on the AVHRR Polar Pathfinder dataset. Part I: Spatial and temporal characteristics","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3439.1","article-title":"Arctic surface, cloud, and radiation properties based on the AVHRR Polar Pathfinder dataset. Part II: Recent trends","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2015.00017","article-title":"The Megha-Tropiques mission: A review after three years in orbit","volume":"3","author":"Roca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-17-0208.1","article-title":"Clouds and the earth\u2019s radiant energy system (CERES) energy balanced and filled (EBAF) top-of-atmosphere (TOA) edition-4.0 data product","volume":"31","author":"Loeb","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.03.008","article-title":"Estimating high-resolution top of atmosphere albedo from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data","volume":"178","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbain, M., Clerbaux, N., Ipe, A., Tornow, F., Hollmann, R., Baudrez, E., Velazquez Blazquez, A., and Moreels, J. (2017). The CM SAF TOA radiation data record using MVIRI and SEVIRI. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9050466"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.03.044","article-title":"Long-term record of top-of-atmosphere albedo over land generated from AVHRR data","volume":"211","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9510","DOI":"10.1029\/JD093iD08p09510","article-title":"Atmospheric heat budgets of the Polar Regions","volume":"93","author":"Nakamura","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2003)016<3691:COCOPA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Covariability of components of poleward atmospheric energy transports on seasonal and interannual timescales","volume":"16","author":"Trenberth","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2003)016<3706:SPAETA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Seamless poleward atmospheric energy transports and implications for the Hadley circulation","volume":"16","author":"Trenberth","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1936.1","article-title":"The annual cycle of the energy budget. Part II: Meridional structures and poleward transports","volume":"21","author":"Fasullo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1935.1","article-title":"The annual cycle of the energy budget. Part I: Global mean and land\u2013ocean exchanges","volume":"21","author":"Fasullo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1175\/2011JCLI4138.1","article-title":"The energy budget of the polar atmosphere in MERRA","volume":"25","author":"Cullather","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062669","article-title":"Earth\u2019s energy imbalance since 1960 in observations and CMIP5 models","volume":"42","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL072475","article-title":"Atlantic meridional heat transports computed from balancing Earth\u2019s energy locally","volume":"44","author":"Trenberth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3274","DOI":"10.1002\/2018GL077106","article-title":"Unprecedented 2015\/2016 Indo-Pacific Heat Transfer Speeds Up Tropical Pacific Heat Recharge","volume":"45","author":"Mayer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan, Y., Di Girolamo, L., Davies, R., and Moroney, C. (2018). Instantaneous Top-of-Atmosphere Albedo Comparison between CERES and MISR over the Arctic. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121882"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1109\/36.701020","article-title":"Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES): Algorithm overview","volume":"36","author":"Wielicki","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00136.1","article-title":"Geostationary enhanced temporal interpolation for CERES flux products","volume":"30","author":"Doelling","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5588","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL060962","article-title":"Changes in global net radiative imbalance 1985\u20132012","volume":"41","author":"Allan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5881","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028355","article-title":"Land surface air temperature data are considerably different among BEST-LAND, CRU-TEM4v, NASA-GISS, and NOAA-NCEI","volume":"123","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-17-0107.1","article-title":"How often does it really rain?","volume":"99","author":"Trenberth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/24\/2919\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:40:46Z","timestamp":1760190046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/24\/2919"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11242919"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11242919","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]]}}}