{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:09:35Z","timestamp":1780445375801,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]],"date-time":"2019-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA","award":["NNX07AE31G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX07AE31G"]}]},{"name":"Eversource Energy Center","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The great success of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and its successor Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) has accelerated the development of global high-resolution satellite-based precipitation products (SPP). However, the quantitative accuracy of SPPs has to be evaluated before using these datasets in water resource applications. This study evaluates the following GPM-era and TRMM-era SPPs based on two years (2014\u20132015) of reference daily precipitation data from rain gauge networks in ten mountainous regions: Integrated Multi-SatellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG, version 05B and version 06B), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\/Climate Prediction Center Morphing Method (CMORPH), Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), and Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP), which represents a global precipitation data-blending product. The evaluation is performed at daily and annual temporal scales, and at 0.1 deg grid resolution. It is shown that GSMaPV07 surpass the performance of IMERGV06B Final for almost all regions in terms of systematic and random error metrics. The new orographic rainfall classification in the GSMaPV07 algorithm is able to improve the detection of orographic rainfall, the rainfall amounts, and error metrics. Moreover, IMERGV05B showed significantly better performance, capturing the lighter and heavier precipitation values compared to IMERGV06B for almost all regions due to changes conducted to the morphing, where motion vectors are derived using total column water vapor for IMERGV06B.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T05:54:51Z","timestamp":1575870891000},"page":"2936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Evaluation of GPM-era Global Satellite Precipitation Products over Multiple Complex Terrain Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2961-4412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yagmur","family":"Derin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Anagnostou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4977-1204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Berne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Remote Sensing Laboratory, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Borga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, 35139 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice","family":"Boudevillain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Geosciences, University of Grenoble Alpes Community, F-38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wouter","family":"Buytaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Che-Hao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9795-3064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haonan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Sciences Division of NOAA\u2014Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80301, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Delrieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Geosciences, University of Grenoble Alpes Community, F-38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yung","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster Prevention and Water Environment Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0051-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waldo","family":"Lavado-Casimiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio Nacional de Meteorolog\u00eda e Hidrolog\u00eda, Lima 10032, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastian","family":"Manz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semu","family":"Moges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5206-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efthymios","family":"Nikolopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne, Melbourne, FL 329016975, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7253-9150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dejene","family":"Sahlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Disaster Risk Management &amp; Food Security Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar 6000, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3419-6780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franco","family":"Salerno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Water Research Institute, 38930 Brugherio (IRSA-CNR), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5647-4385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan-Pablo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot\u00e1 111711, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6244-8826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koray","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2009.08.017","article-title":"Precipitation: Measurement, remote sensing, climatology and modeling","volume":"94","author":"Michaelides","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Strangeways, I. (2011). Precipitation: Theory, Measurement and Distribution, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2000)001<0241:ENMPEF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Evaluating NEXRAD multi-sensor precipitation estimates for operational hydrologic forecasting","volume":"1","author":"Young","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309-1708(02)00062-3","article-title":"Radar hydrology: Rainfall estimation","volume":"25","author":"Krajewski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-4-29-2004","article-title":"Probing orographic controls in the Himalayas during the monsoon using satellite imagery","volume":"4","author":"Barros","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1002\/2013WR014506","article-title":"The importance of observed gradients of air temperature and precipitation for modeling runoff from a glacierized watershed in the Nepal Himalayas","volume":"50","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-15-0039.1","article-title":"The evaluation of Goddard profiling algorithm to a fully parametric scheme","volume":"32","author":"Kummerow","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2763622","article-title":"Passive Microwave Rainfall Error Analysis Using High-Resolution X-Band Dual-Polarization Radar Observations in Complex Terrain","volume":"56","author":"Derin","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAMC1857.1","article-title":"Use of numerical forecasts for improving TMI rain retrievals over the mountainous area in Korea","volume":"47","author":"Kwon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.87A.203","article-title":"Verification of high-resolution satellite-based rainfall estimates around Japan using a gauge-calibrated ground-radar dataset","volume":"87","author":"Kubota","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-16-0332.1","article-title":"Further improvement of the heavy orographic rainfall retrievals in the GSMaP Algorithm for Microwave Radiometers","volume":"56","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JD027559","article-title":"Investigating satellite precipitation uncertainty over complex terrain","volume":"123","author":"Bartsotas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, J., Huffman, G.J., Bolvin, D.T., and Nelkin, E.J. (J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 2019). IMERG V06: Changes to the Morphing Algorithm. American and Oceanic Technology, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol.","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-19-0114.1"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J. (2019, December 04). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) Version 06. NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), NASA, Available online: https:\/\/pmm.nasa.gov\/data-access\/downloads\/gpm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2004)005<0487:CAMTPG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"CMORPH: A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution","volume":"5","author":"Joyce","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Xie, P., Yoo, S.H., and Joyce, R.J. (2019, December 04). Bias-Corrected CMORPH: A 13-Year Analysis of High-Resolution Global Precipitation, Available online: https:\/\/ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov\/precip\/CMORPH_V1.0\/REF\/EGU_1104_Xie_bias-CMORPH.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.895337","article-title":"Global Precipitation Map using Satellite-borne Microwave Radiometers by the GSMaP Project: Production and Validation","volume":"45","author":"Kubota","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Ushio, T., Matsuda, T., Tashima, T., Kubota, T., Kachi, M., and Yoshida, S. (2014, January 16\u201323). Gauge Adjusted Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP_Gauge). Proceedings of the 2014 XXXIth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium (URSI GASS), Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-15-0197.1","article-title":"Multi-regional Satellite Precipitation Products Evaluation over Complex Terrain","volume":"17","author":"Derin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-1-47","article-title":"Comparison of near-real-time precipitation estimates from satellite observations and numerical models","volume":"88","author":"Ebert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2002)041<1065:EOBOSR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Evaluation of biases of satellite rainfall estimation algorithms over the continental united states","volume":"41","author":"McCollum","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM437.1","article-title":"Analysis of multiple precipitation products and preliminary assessment of their impact on global land data assimilation system land surface states","volume":"6","author":"Gottschalck","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JHM925.1","article-title":"Investigating error metrics for satellite rainfall data at hydrologically relevant scales","volume":"9","author":"Hossain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2034736","article-title":"Benchmarking high-resolution global satellite raingall products to radar and rain-gauge rainfall estimates","volume":"48","author":"Anagnostou","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JHM944.1","article-title":"Evaluation of TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) and its utility in hydrologic prediction in the La Plata Basin","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebremichael, M., and Hossain, F. (2010). Comparison of CMORPH and TRMM-3B42 over mountainous regions of Africa and South America. Satellite Rainfall Applications for Surface Hydrology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2915-7"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-2649-2011","article-title":"Evaluation of TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis (TMPA) performance in the central Andes region and its dependency on spatial and temporal resolution","volume":"15","author":"Scheel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-16-0277.1","article-title":"Comparative Ground Validation of IMERG and TMPA at Variable Spatiotemporal Scales in the Tropical Andes","volume":"18","author":"Manz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrometorol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-11-086.1","article-title":"Evaluation of global satellite rainfall products over continental Europe","volume":"13","author":"Stampoulis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-13-0194.1","article-title":"Error analysis of satellite precipitation products in mountainous basins","volume":"15","author":"Mei","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-13-0191.1","article-title":"Evaluation of multiple satellite-based precipitation products over complex topography","volume":"15","author":"Derin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600954688","article-title":"Validation of satellite rainfall products over East Africa\u2019s complex topography","volume":"28","author":"Dinku","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JAMC2298.1","article-title":"Evaluation of high-resolution satellite precipitation products over very complex terrain in Ethiopia","volume":"49","author":"Hirpa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-11-0252.1","article-title":"Climatology-focused evaluation of CMORPH and TMPA satellite rainfall products over the nile basin","volume":"51","author":"Habib","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.12.026","article-title":"Performance of evaluation of radar and satellite rainfalls for typhoon morakot over Taiwan: Are remote-sensing products ready for gauge denial scenario of extreme events?","volume":"506","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20246","article-title":"First evaluation of climatological calibration algorithm in the real-time TMPA precipitation estimates over two basins at high and low latitudes","volume":"49","author":"Yong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-15-0190.1","article-title":"A review of merged high-resolution satellite precipitation product accuracy during the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) era","volume":"17","author":"Maggioni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-13-0112.1","article-title":"An error model for uncertainty quantification in high-time-resolution precipitation products","volume":"15","author":"Maggioni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2015.11.008","article-title":"From TRMM to GPM: How well can heavy rainfall be detected from space?","volume":"88","author":"Prakash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derin, Y., Nikolopoulos, E., and Anagnostou, M.N. (2019). Retrieving Extreme Precipitation with Multiple Satellite-based Precipitation Products. Extreme Hydroclimatic Events and Multivariate Hazards in a Changing Climate, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814899-0.00007-9"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2688998","article-title":"Modeling satellite precipitation errors over mountainous terrain: The influence of gauge density, seasonality, and temporal resolution","volume":"55","author":"Maggioni","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J., Bolvin, D.T., Braithwaite, D., Hsu, K., Joyce, R., and Xie, P. (2019, December 04). NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (I-MERG), Available online: http:\/\/pmm.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/failes\/document_files\/IMERG_ATBD_V4.5.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM574.1","article-title":"Evaluation of PERSIANN-CCS rainfall measurement using the NAME event rain gauge network","volume":"8","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.87A.137","article-title":"A Kalman Filter Approach to the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) from Combined Passive Microwave and Infrared Radiometric Data","volume":"87","author":"Ushio","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-589-2017","article-title":"MSWEP: 3-hourly 0.25\u00b0 global gridded precipitation (1979\u20132015) by merging gauge, satellite, and reanalysis data","volume":"21","author":"Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-17-0138.1","article-title":"MSWEP V2 global 3-hourly 0.1\u00b0 precipitation: Methodology and quantitative assessment","volume":"100","author":"Beck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Schneider, U., Fuchs, T., Meyer-Christoffer, A., and Rudolf, B. (2019, October 13). Global Precipitation Analysis Products of the GPCC. Available online: http:\/\/gpcc.dwd.de."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, P., and Liu, X. (2018). Evaluation of five satellite-based precipitation products in two gauge-scarce basins on the Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081316"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-1295-2017","article-title":"Temporal and spatial evaluation of satellite-based rainfall estimates across the complex topographical and climatic gradients of Chile","volume":"21","author":"Nauditt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, A.S., and Indu, J. (2017). Performance Assessment of Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) Product over India. Climate, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/cli5010002"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-15-0018.1","article-title":"Performance of the GPM passive microwave retrieval in the Balkan flood event of 2014","volume":"16","author":"Petkovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-16-0174.1","article-title":"Performance of IMERG as a function of spatiotemporal scale","volume":"18","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-19-0097.1","article-title":"Evaluation of X-band Dual-Polarization Radar-Rainfall Estimates from OLYMPEX","volume":"20","author":"Derin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/24\/2936\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:40:16Z","timestamp":1760190016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/24\/2936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11242936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11242936","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]]}}}