{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:24:05Z","timestamp":1777389845450,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cloud classification is not only important for weather forecasts, but also for radiation budget studies. Although cloud mask and classification procedures have been proposed for Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), their applicability is still limited to daytime imagery. The split window algorithm (SWA), which is a mature algorithm that has long been exploited in the cloud analysis of satellite images, is based on the scatter diagram between the brightness temperature (BT) and BT difference (BTD). The purpose of this research is to examine the usefulness of the SWA for the cloud classification of both daytime and nighttime images from AHI. We apply SWA also to the image data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard Aqua and Terra to highlight the capability of AHI. We implement the cloud analysis around Japan by employing band 3 (0.469 \u03bcm) of MODIS and band 1 (0.47 \u03bcm) of AHI for extracting the cloud-covered regions in daytime. In the nighttime case, the bands that are centered at 3.9, 11, 12, and 13 \u00b5m are utilized for both MODIS and Himawari-8, with somewhat different combinations for land and sea areas. Thus, different thresholds are used for analyzing summer and winter images. Optimum values for BT and BTD thresholds are determined for the band pairs of band 31 (11.03 \u00b5m) and 32 (12.02 \u00b5m) of MODIS (SWA31-32) and band 13 (10.4 \u00b5m) and 15 (12.4 \u00b5m) of AHI (SWA13-15) in the implementation of SWA. The resulting cloud mask and classification are verified while using MODIS standard product (MYD35) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) data. It is found that MODIS and AHI results both capture the essential characteristics of clouds reasonably well in spite of the relatively simple scheme of SWA based on four threshold values, although a broader spread of BTD obtained with Himawari-8 AHI (SWA13-15) could possibly lead to more consistent results for cloud-type classification than SWA31-32 based on the MODIS sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T11:22:51Z","timestamp":1575890571000},"page":"2944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Comparison of Aqua\/Terra MODIS and Himawari-8 Satellite Data on Cloud Mask and Cloud Type Classification Using Split Window Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3946-4673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babag","family":"Purbantoro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 2638522, Japan"},{"name":"Remote Sensing Technology and Data Center, Indonesian Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Jakarta 13710, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamrud","family":"Aminuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Central Java 53123, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naohiro","family":"Manago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 2638522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Toyoshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 2638522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nofel","family":"Lagrosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 2638522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josaphat Tetuko Sri","family":"Sumantyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 2638522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Kuze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 2638522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1972)029<1413:CAAGCF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cloudiness as a Global Climatic Feedback Mechanism: The Effects on the Radiation Balance and Surface Temperature of Variations in Cloudiness","volume":"29","author":"Schneider","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1985)024<0322:ROCCPF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Retrieval of Cloud Cover Parameters from Multispectral Satellite Images","volume":"24","author":"Arking","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2003)042<0204:HSRSAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"High-Spatial-Resolution Surface and Cloud-Type Classification from MODIS Multispectral Band Measurements","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2004)043<1083:ASCCUM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"AIRS Subpixel Cloud Characterization Using MODIS Cloud Products","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32141","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD200032","article-title":"Discriminating Clear Sky from Clouds with MODIS","volume":"103","author":"Ackerman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.808301","article-title":"The MODIS Cloud Products: Algorithms and Examples from Terra","volume":"41","author":"Platnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1109\/36.700993","article-title":"Prelaunch Characteristics of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on EOS-AMI","volume":"36","author":"Barnes","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JTECHA1052.1","article-title":"Cloud Detection with MODIS. Part I: Improvements in the MODIS Cloud Mask for Collection 5","volume":"25","author":"Frey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1994)033<0212:CPIFD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cloud Properties Inferred from 8\u201312\u00b5m Data","volume":"33","author":"Strabala","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00095-0","article-title":"MODIS Snow-Cover Products","volume":"83","author":"Hall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.2016-009","article-title":"An Introduction to Himawari-8\/9","volume":"94","author":"Bessho","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X., Ignatov, A., Kramar, M., and Yu, F. (2016). Preliminary Inter-Comparison between AHI, VIIRS and MODIS Clear-Sky Ocean Radiances for Accurate SST Retrievals. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030203"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.063","article-title":"Spectral Band Unification and Inter-Calibration of Himawari AHI with MODIS and VIIRS: Constructing Virtual Dual-View Remote Sensors from Geostationary and Low-Earth-Orbiting Sensors","volume":"209","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2431676","article-title":"Bag-of-Words and Object-Based Classification for Cloud Extraction from Satellite Imagery","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.815404","article-title":"Multi-feature Texture Analysis for the Classification of Clouds in Satellite Imagery","volume":"41","author":"Christodoulou","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2004)021<0159:CCOSRD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cloud Classification of Satellite Radiance Data by Multicategory Support Vector Machines","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"4","article-title":"Object-Based Image Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT)","volume":"36","author":"Hay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5558","DOI":"10.3390\/s90705558","article-title":"An Improved Cloud Classification Algorithm for China\u2019s FY-2C Multi-Channel Images Using Artificial Neural Network","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3991","DOI":"10.1029\/JD092iD04p03991","article-title":"A Cloud Type Classification with NOAA 7 Split-Window Measurements","volume":"92","author":"Inoue","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.80.1383","article-title":"Radiative Effects of Various Cloud Types as Classified by the Split Window Technique over the Eastern Sub-tropical Pacific Derived from Collocated ERBE and AVHRR Data","volume":"80","author":"Inoue","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<2806:DTEOTM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Did the Eruption of the Mt. Pinatubo Volcano Affect Cirrus Properties?","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.81.623","article-title":"Notes and Correspondence Comparison of a Split-window and a Multi-spectral Cloud Classification for MODIS Observations","volume":"81","author":"Lutz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Hamada, A., Nishi, N., Kida, H., Shiotani, M., Iwasaki, S., Kamei, A., Ohno, Y., Kuroiwa, H., Kumagai, H., and Okmoto, H. (2004, January 6\u201310). Cloud type classification by GMS-5 infrared split window measurements with millimeter-wave radar and TRMM observations in the tropics. Proceedings of the 2nd TRMM International Science Conference, Nara, Japan."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.4236\/ars.2018.73015","article-title":"Comparison of Cloud Type Classification with Split Window Algorithm Based on Different Infrared Band Combinations of Himawari-8 Satellite","volume":"7","author":"Purbantoro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Algorithm Theoretical Basis for Himawari-8 Cloud Mask Product","volume":"61","author":"Imai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Meteorol. Satell. Cent. Tech. Note"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.2018-004","article-title":"An Algorithm for Land Surface Temperature Retrieval Using Three Thermal Infrared Bands of Himawari-8","volume":"96","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020458","article-title":"The VIIRS Cloud Mask: Progress in the First Year of S-NPP Toward a Common Cloud Detection Scheme","volume":"119","author":"Kopp","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-13-00088.1","article-title":"Cloud Detection of MODIS Multispectral Images","volume":"31","author":"Murino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, R., Teng, S., Yi, B., Letu, H., Min, M., Tang, S., and Liu, C. (2019). Comparison of Cloud Properties from Himawari-8 and FengYun-4A Geostationary Satellite Radiometers with MODIS Cloud Retrievals. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141703"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025659","article-title":"Development of A Daytime Cloud and Haze Detection Algorithm for Himawari-8 Satellite Measurements Over Central and Eastern China","volume":"122","author":"Shang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JTECHA1053.1","article-title":"Cloud Detection with MODIS. Part II: Validation","volume":"25","author":"Ackerman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90046-Z","article-title":"Automatic Cloud Detection Applied to NOAA-11\/AVHRR Imagery","volume":"46","author":"Derrien","year":"1993","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"449","article-title":"Daytime and Nighttime Polar Cloud and Snow Identification Using MODIS Data","volume":"4891","author":"Trepte","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Remote Sens. Atmos. Clouds III"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.06.004","article-title":"Nighttime Polar Cloud Detection with MODIS","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"The CALIPSO Mission: Spaceborne Lidar for Observation of Aerosols and Clouds","volume":"4893","author":"Winker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lidar Remote Sens. Ind. Environ. Monit. III"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1280.1","article-title":"CALIPSO\/CALIOP Cloud Phase Discrimination Algorithm","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaacman, A.T., Toller, G.N., Barnes, W.L., Guenther, B.W., and Xiong, X. (2003, January 3\u20138). MODIS Level 1B Calibration and Data Products. Proceedings of the Optical Science and Technology, SPIE\u2019s 48th Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.507957"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Toller, G.N., Isaacman, A., Leader, M.T., and Salomonson, V. (2019, July 20). MODIS Level 1B Product User\u2019s Guide. Signature 2003, Available online: https:\/\/mcst.gsfc.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/file_attachments\/M1054E_PUG_2017_0901 V6.2.2_Terra_V6.2.1_Aqua.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2019, July 20). Japan Meteorological Agency Himawari-8\/9 Standard Data User\u2019s Guide Version 1.2. Available online: https:\/\/www.data.jma.go.jp\/mscweb\/en\/himawari89\/space_segment\/hsd_sample\/HS_D_users_guide_en_v12.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442-12.1.170","article-title":"Eight Years of High Cloud Statistics Using HIRS","volume":"12","author":"Wylie","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"3931","article-title":"Depolarization Ratio and Attenuated Backscatter for Nine Cloud Types: Analyses Based on Collocated CALIPSO Lidar and MODIS Measurements","volume":"16","author":"Cho","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029584","article-title":"Depolarization Ratio\u2013Effective Lidar Ratio Relation: Theoretical Basis for Space Lidar Cloud Phase Discrimination","volume":"34","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4073(02)00320-5","article-title":"Discriminating Between Spherical and Non-Spherical Scatterers with Lidar Using Circular Polarization: A Theoretical Study","volume":"79","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL045422","article-title":"An Empirical Approach to Derive MODIS Ocean Color Patterns under Severe Sun Glint","volume":"38","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4790","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.40.004790","article-title":"Correction of Sun Glint Contamination on the Sea WiFS Ocean and Atmosphere Products","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.H., Kim, B.Y., Lee, K.T., Zo, I.S., Jung, H.S., and Rim, S.H. (2018). Retrieval of Reflected Shortwave Radiation at the Top of the Atmosphere Using Himawari-8\/AHI Data. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020213"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2009.10.001","article-title":"Evaluation of Sun Glint Models Using MODIS Measurements","volume":"111","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2011.12.021","article-title":"A Review of Global Satellite-Derived Snow Products","volume":"50","author":"Frei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19431-w","article-title":"Diurnal Cycle and Seasonal Variation of Cloud Cover over the Tibetan Plateau as Determined from Himawari-8 New-Generation Geostationary Satellite Data","volume":"8","author":"Shang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.12.040","article-title":"Performance Comparison of the MODIS and the VIIRS 1.38 \u03bcm Cirrus Cloud Channels Using LibRadtran and CALIOP Data","volume":"206","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5207","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2812082","article-title":"Effects and Applications of Satellite Radiometer 2.25\u03bcm Channel on Cloud Property Retrievals","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.02.024","article-title":"A Multilayer Cloud Detection Algorithm for the Suomi-NPP Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)","volume":"227","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"11620","article-title":"Validation of MODIS Cloud Mask and Multilayer Flag Using CloudSat-CALIPSO Cloud Profiles and a Cross-Reference of their Cloud Classifications","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/24\/2944\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:40:41Z","timestamp":1760190041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/24\/2944"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11242944"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11242944","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]}}}