{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T02:54:16Z","timestamp":1775098456754,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P1-0195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J6-9395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J6-9395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hillshaded digital elevation models are a well-known information layer used to determine the geomorphological properties of landslides. However, their use is limited because the results are dependent on a particular sun azimuth and elevation. Approaches proposed to overcome this bias include positive openness, sky-view factor, red relief image maps, and prismatic openness. We propose an upgrade to all these methods, a method named Visualization for Archaeological Topography (VAT). The method is based on a fusion of four information layers into a single image (hillshaded terrain, slope, positive openness, and sky-view factor). VAT can be used to enhance visibility of features of varied scale, height, orientation, and form that sit on terrain ranging from extremely flat to very steep. Besides this, the merits of VAT are that the results are comparable across diverse geographical areas. We have successfully tested the method for landslide recognition and analysis in five different areas in the Vipava Valley (SW Slovenia). Geomorphology of the area is very diverse and holds various types of mass movements. In contrast to classical hillshaded digital elevation models (DEMs), the geomorphological features of landslides obtained by the VAT method are very clearly seen in all studied mass movements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T11:22:51Z","timestamp":1575890571000},"page":"2946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["VAT Method for Visualization of Mass Movement Features: An Alternative to Hillshaded DEM"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1908-5759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timotej","family":"Verbov\u0161ek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Tomislav","family":"Popit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1712-0351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017diga","family":"Kokalj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arts Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and, Novi trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2004.11.001","article-title":"The effectiveness of hillshade maps and expert knowledge in mapping old deep-seated landslides","volume":"67","author":"Poesen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"251","article-title":"Visualizing topography by openness: A new application of image processing to digital elevation models","volume":"68","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photogramm. 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