{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T06:22:42Z","timestamp":1771568562322,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]],"date-time":"2019-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECHO\/SUB\/2016\/740172\/PREV18. GREEN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECHO\/SUB\/2016\/740172\/PREV18. GREEN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011105","name":"Fourth Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECHO\/SUB\/2016\/740172\/PREV18. GREEN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECHO\/SUB\/2016\/740172\/PREV18. GREEN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011105","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents an approach to identify Green Infrastructure (GI), its benefits and condition. This information enables environmental agencies to prioritise conservation, management and restoration strategies accordingly. The study focuses on riparian areas due to their potential to supply Ecosystem Services (ES), such as water quality, biodiversity, soil protection and flood or drought risk reduction. Natural Water Retention Measures (NWRM) related to agriculture and forestry are the type of GI considered specifically within these riparian areas. The approach is based on ES condition indicators, defined by the European Environment Agency (EEA) to support the policy targets of the 2020 Biodiversity Strategy. Indicators that can be assessed through remote sensing techniques are used, namely: capacity to provide ecosystem services, proximity to protected areas, greening response and water stress. Specifically, the approach uses and evaluates the potential of freely available products from the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS) to monitor GI. Moreover, vegetation and water indices are calculated using data from the Sentinel-2 MSI Level-2A scenes and integrated in the analysis. The approach has been tested in the Italian Po river basin in 2018. Firstly, agriculture and forest NWRM were identified in the riparian areas of the river network. Secondly, the Riparian Zones products from the CLMS local component and the satellite-based indices were linked to the aforementioned ES condition indicators. This led to the development of a pixel-based model that evaluates the identified GI according to: (i) its disposition to provide riparian regulative ES and (ii) its condition in the analysed year. Finally, the model was used to prioritise GI for conservation or restoration initiatives, based on its potential to deliver ES and current condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T03:20:16Z","timestamp":1576120816000},"page":"2967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Assessment of Green Infrastructure in Riparian Zones Using Copernicus Programme"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6810-9438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Piedelobo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50, 05003 \u00c1vila, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0865-4124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Taramelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia (IUSS), Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Schiavon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia (IUSS), Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emiliana","family":"Valentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1001-3601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9-Luis","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50, 05003 \u00c1vila, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Nguyen Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8949-4216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Aguilera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50, 05003 \u00c1vila, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.341","article-title":"An assessment framework for climate-proof nature-based solutions","volume":"656","author":"Calliari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Renaud, F.G., Sudmeier-Rieux, K., and Estrella, M. (2013). The relevance of ecosystems for disaster risk reduction. The Role of Ecosystems in Disaster Risk Reduction, United Nations University Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monty, F., Murti, R., and Furuta, N. (2016). Helping Nature Help Us: Transforming Disaster Risk Reduction through Ecosystem Management, International Union for Conservation of Nature.","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.CH.2016.15.en"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2013.02.002","article-title":"The role of ecosystem services in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction","volume":"5","author":"Munang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2018.04.001","article-title":"Exploiting ecosystem services in agriculture for increased food security","volume":"17","author":"Bommarco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Food Sec."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/09644016.2019.1549782","article-title":"Environmental policy evaluation in the EU: Between learning, accountability, and political opportunities?","volume":"28","author":"Schoenefeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Politics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor0723-006","article-title":"Green Infrastructure as a tool to support spatial planning in European urban regions","volume":"6","author":"Lafortezza","year":"2013","journal-title":"IFOREST"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2011.04.033","article-title":"How to understand and measure environmental sustainability: Indicators and targets","volume":"17","author":"Moldan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"114","article-title":"La nuova politica spaziale europea: La missione operativa CO2","volume":"2","author":"Tresca","year":"2018","journal-title":"EAI"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.07.001","article-title":"How smart growth and green infrastructure can mutually support each other\u2014A conceptual framework for compact and green cities","volume":"96","author":"Artmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindholm, G. (2017). The Implementation of Green Infrastructure: Relating a General Concept to Context and Site. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201701.0056.v1"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2011). Green Infrastructure and Territorial Cohesion\u2014The Concept of Green Infrastructure and Its Integration into Policies Using Monitoring Systems, European Union. EEA Technical Report no. 18\/2011."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"European Commission (2013). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Green Infrastructure (GI)\u2014Enhancing Europe\u2019s Natural Capital. COM\/2013\/0249; European Commission."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Naumann, S., Davis, M., Kaphengst, T., Pieterse, M., and Rayment, M. (2011). Design, Implementation and Cost Elements of Green Infrastructure Projects, Final Report to the European Commission, DG Environment, Contract no. 070307\/2010\/577182\/ETU\/F.1; Ecologic Institute and GHK Consulting, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"32","article-title":"Ecosystems as infrastructure","volume":"15","author":"Wheeler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.09.042","article-title":"Planning multifunctional green infrastructure for compact cities: What is the state of practice?","volume":"96","author":"Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"European Commission (2014). Building a Green Infrastructure for Europe, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/21513732.2013.782342","article-title":"An evaluation of flood control and urban cooling ecosystem services delivered by urban green infrastructure","volume":"9","author":"Farrugia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-014-9989-y","article-title":"Multifunctionality of floodplain landscapes: Relating management options to ecosystem services","volume":"29","author":"Schindler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"European Commission Directorate-General Environment (2012). The Multifunctionality of Green Infrastructure, European Commission. Science for Environment Policy\u2014DG Environment News Alert Service, In-Depth Report."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"40","article-title":"Green versus Gray: Nature\u2019s Solutions to Infrastructure Demands","volume":"4","author":"Talberth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Solut. J."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"The Mersey Forest, Natural Economy Northwest, CABE, Natural England, Yorkshire Forward, The Northern Way, Design for London, Defra, Tees Valley Unlimited, and Pleasington Consulting Ltd. (2010). GI-Val: The Green Infrastructure Valuation Toolkit. Version 1.6 (Updated in 2018), European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/bit.ly\/givaluationtoolkit."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecocom.2009.10.006","article-title":"Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making","volume":"7","author":"Alkemade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Complex."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002","article-title":"Changes in the global value of ecosystem services","volume":"26","author":"Costanza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(Official Journal L, 1992). Council Directive 92\/43\/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, Official Journal L."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(Official Journal L, 2010). Directive 2009\/147\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds, Official Journal L."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"European Commission (2011). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Our Life Insurance, Our Natural Capital: An EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020, European Commission. COM\/2011\/0244."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2016). Flood Risk and Environmental Vulnerability\u2014Exploring the Synergies between Floodplain Restoration, Water Policies and Thematic Policies, European Union. EEA Report no 1\/2016."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JF004540","article-title":"Indications of dynamic effects on scaling relationships between channel sinuosity and vegetation patch size across a salt marsh platform","volume":"123","author":"Taramelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Regione Lombardia\u2014DG Agricoltora (2017). LIFE HelpSoil\u2014Helping Enhanced Soil Functions and Adaptation to Climate Change by Sustainable Conservation Agriculture Techniques, Veneto Agricoltura\u2014Agenzia Veneta per L\u2019innovazione nel Settore Primario. LIFE12 ENV\/IT\/000578."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"European Commission (2019). Tools to Support Green Infrastructure Planning and Ecosystem Restoration, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1080\/13549839.2014.880411","article-title":"Green infrastructure and planning policy: A critical assessment","volume":"20","author":"Lennon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Local Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"European Commission (2013). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. An EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change, European Commission. COM\/2013\/0216."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"European Commission (2013). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A New EU Forest Strategy: For Forests and the Forest-Based Sector; COM\/2013\/0659; European Commission."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2018, June 28). Common Agricultural Policy. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/food-farming-fisheries\/key-policies\/common-agricultural-policy_en."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(Official Journal L, 2000). Directive 2000\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, Official Journal L."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(Official Journal L, 2007). Directive 2007\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks, Official Journal L."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2007.02.001","article-title":"Promoting Ecosystem and Human Health in Urban Areas using Green Infrastructure: A Literature Review","volume":"81","author":"Tzoulas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Maes, J., Teller, A., Erhard, M., Grizzetti, B., Barredo, J.I., Paracchini, M.L., Cond\u00e9, S., Somma, F., Orgiazzi, A., and Jones, A. (2018). Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and Their Services\u2014An Analytical Framework for Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem Condition in EU: Discussion Paper, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Autorit\u00e0 di bacino del fiume Po (ADBPO) (2016). Piano del Bilancio Idrico del Bacino del Fiume Po. Piano di Gestione del Distretto Idrografico del Fiume Po\u2014Art. 14 dell\u2019Allegato \u201cMisure Urgenti e Indirizzi Attuativi Generali del Piano di Gestione\u201d alla Deliberazione del Comitato Istituzionale n. 1\/2010 di Adozione del Piano di Gestione\u2014Relazione Generale, ADBPO."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6985","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20551","article-title":"Multivariate assessment of droughts: Frequency analysis and dynamic return period","volume":"49","author":"Salvadori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Pilot Project\u2014Atmospheric Precipitation\u2014Protection and Efficient Use of Fresh Water, Integration of Natural Water Retention Measures in River Basin Management (2018, July 16). European Commission Directorate-General Environment. DG 07.0330\/2013\/659147\/SER\/ENV.C1, 05\/09\/2013 to 05\/11\/2014. Available online: http:\/\/nwrm.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Sabater, S., and Elosegi, A. (2013). Between the land and the river: River conservation and the riparian zone. River Conservation: Challenges and Opportunities, Fundaci\u00f3n BBVA."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-001-0106-0","article-title":"Managing Critical Transition Zones","volume":"4","author":"Ewel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(Official Journal L, 2014). European Commission. Regulation (EU) No 377\/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 Establishing the Copernicus Programme and Repealing Regulation (EU) No 911\/2010 (Text with EEA Relevance), Official Journal L."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2018, July 28). Sentinel-2 Mission Details. Available online: https:\/\/earth.esa.int\/web\/guest\/missions\/esa-operational-eo-missions\/sentinel-2."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (2018, June 12). Europe\u2019s Eyes on Earth. Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/local\/riparian-zones."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weissteiner, C.J., Ickerott, M., Ott, H., Probeck, M., Ramminger, G., Clerici, N., Dufourmont, H., and De Sousa, A.M.R. (2016). Europe\u2019s Green Arteries\u2014A Continental Dataset of Riparian Zones. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201608.0059.v1"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (2018, June 12). Europe\u2019s Eyes on Earth. Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piedelobo, L., Ortega-Terol, D., del Pozo, S., Hern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez, D., Ballesteros, R., Moreno, M.A., Molina, J.-L., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Aguilera, D. (2018). HidroMap: A New Tool for Irrigation Monitoring and Management Using Free Satellite Imagery. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7060220"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2019.01.005","article-title":"Scalable pixel-based crop classification combining Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 data time series: Case study of the Duero river basin","volume":"171","author":"Piedelobo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taramelli, A., Lissoni, M., Piedelobo, L., Schiavon, E., Valentini, E., Nguyen Xuan, A., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Aguilera, D. (2019). Monitoring Green Infrastructure for Natural Water Retention Using Copernicus Global Land Products. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11131583"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filipponi, F., Valentini, E., Nguyen Xuan, A., Guerra, C.A., Wolf, F., Andrzejak, M., and Taramelli, A. (2018). Global MODIS Fraction of Green Vegetation Cover for Monitoring Abrupt and Gradual Vegetation Changes. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040653"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Tornato, A., Valentini, E., Nguyen Xuan, A., Taramelli, A., and Schiavon, E. (2018). Assessment of User-Driven Requirements in term of Earth Observation Products and Applications for Institutional Operational Services. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Proceedings of the AGU Fall Meeting , Washington, DC, USA, 10\u201314 December 2018, American Geophysical Union."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.06.020","article-title":"Key criteria for developing ecosystem service indicators to inform decision making","volume":"95","author":"Drakou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, A., Pati\u00f1o G\u00f3mez, J., Vojinovic, Z., S\u00e1nchez, A., and Weesakul, S. (2018). Combining Co-Benefits and Stakeholders Perceptions into Green Infrastructure Selection for Flood Risk Reduction. Environments, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments5020029"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2015.10.023","article-title":"An indicator framework for assessing ecosystem services in support of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020","volume":"17","author":"Maes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(03)00028-8","article-title":"Mapping and indicator approaches for the assessment of habitats at different scales using remote sensing and GIS methods","volume":"67","author":"Weiers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2017.07.008","article-title":"A framework for assessing and implementing the co-benefits of nature-based solutions in urban areas","volume":"77","author":"Raymond","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2014). Spatial Analysis of Green Infrastructure in Europe, European Union. EEA Technical Report no 2\/2014."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2017). Green Infrastructure and Flood Management\u2014Promoting Cost-Efficient Flood Risk Reduction via Green Infrastructure Solutions, European Union. EEA Report no 14\/2017."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2018). European Waters\u2013Assessment of Status and Pressures 2018, European Union. EEA Report no 7\/2018."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/21513732.2017.1283361","article-title":"Proposal of indicators regarding the provision and accessibility of green spaces for assessing the ecosystem service \u201crecreation in the city\u201d in Germany","volume":"13","author":"Grunewald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Jones, R., Symons, J., and Young, C. (2015). Assessing the Economic Value of Green Infrastructure: Green Paper, Victoria Institute of Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University. Climate Change Working Paper No. 24."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.12.009","article-title":"Developing a Sustainability Indicator Set for Measuring Green Infrastructure Performance","volume":"216","author":"Pakzad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-014-0868-8","article-title":"An integrated Hydrological Model for Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources of the Upper Po River Basin","volume":"29","author":"Ravazzani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5184","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3750-6","article-title":"The Po river water from the Alps to the Adriatic Sea (Italy): New insights from geochemical and isotopic (\u03b418O-\u03b4D) data","volume":"22","author":"Marchina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1515\/euco-2017-0010","article-title":"Evaluation of socio-economic impact of drought events: The case of Po river basin","volume":"9","author":"Musolino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Countrys."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-16-3739-2012","article-title":"Hydrology of the Po River: Looking for changing patterns in river discharge","volume":"16","author":"Montanari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2019.101045","article-title":"Coupling scenarios of climate and land-use change with assessments of potential ecosystem services at the river basin scale","volume":"40","author":"Pham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sperotto, A., Molina, J.L., Torresan, S., Critto, A., Pulido-Velazquez, M., and Marcomini, A. (2019). Water Quality Sustainability Evaluation under Uncertainty: A Multi-Scenario Analysis Based on Bayesian Networks. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11174764"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2018, July 13). Water2Adapt\u2014Resilience Enhancement and Water Demand Management for Climate Change Adaptation. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM). IWRM-Net Initiative, September 2010\u2013August 2012. Available online: http:\/\/www.feem-project.net\/water2adapt\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Autorit\u00e0 di bacino del fiume Po (ADBPO) (2018, June 14). Open Data Emilia-Romagna. Distretto Po\u2014Idroecoregioni. Available online: http:\/\/dati.emilia-romagna.it\/dataset\/distretto-po-idroecoregioni."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Autorit\u00e0 di bacino del fiume Po (ADBPO) (2018, June 15). Open Data Emilia-Romagna. Distretto Po\u2014Autorit\u00e0 di Bacino del Fiume Po (ITN008)\u2014FHRM\u2014Direttiva Alluvioni\u2014Mappe di Pericolosit\u00e0 da Alluvione 2013\u2014Scenari di Bassa, Media e alta Probabilit\u00e0. Available online: http:\/\/dati.emilia-romagna.it\/dataset\/distretto-po-fhrm-direttiva-alluvioni-mappe-pericolosita-alluvione-2013."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Direzione Generale Cura del Territorio e dell\u2019Ambiente (2018, June 15). Regione Emilia-Romagna. Parchi, foreste e Natura 2000\u2014Dati Cartografici e Banche Dati. Available online: http:\/\/ambiente.regione.emilia-romagna.it\/it\/parchi-natura2000\/consultazione\/dati."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (2018, December 30). Europe\u2019s Eyes on Earth. Corine Land Cover. Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/pan-european\/corine-land-cover."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"The European Space Agency Portal (2018, September 20). Sentinel-2 MSI Resolutions. Available online: https:\/\/sentinel.esa.int\/web\/sentinel\/user-guides\/sentinel-2-msi\/resolutions."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W., Hass, R.H., Schell, J.A., and Deering, D.W. (1973). Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS, Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium\u2014Volume I."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1995.8746027","article-title":"A feedback based modification of the NDVI to minimize canopy background and atmospheric noise","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00067-3","article-title":"NDWI\u2014A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space","volume":"58","author":"Gao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2018, September 01). PEPS\u2014Operating Platform Sentinel Products (CNES). Available online: https:\/\/peps.cnes.fr\/rocket\/#\/home."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Hagolle, O., Huc, M., Desjardins, C., Auer, S., and Richter, R. (2018, September 01). MAJA ATBD\u2014Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document. Tech. Rep., MAJA MACCS-ATCOR Joint L2A Method and System, CNES+CESBIO and DLR. Available online: http:\/\/www.cesbio.ups-tlse.fr\/multitemp\/?p=12432."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djamai, N., and Fernandes, R. (2018). Comparison of SNAP-Derived Sentinel-2A L2A Product to ESA Product over Europe. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060926"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Congedo, L. (2018, September 15). Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/semiautomaticclassificationmanual-v5.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2012.09.001","article-title":"National Parks, buffer zones and surrounding lands: Mapping ecosystem service flows","volume":"4","author":"Palomo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.5721\/EuJRS20164920","article-title":"Assessing in-season crop classification performance using satellite data: A test case in Northern Italy","volume":"49","author":"Azar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano, J., Shahidian, S., and Marques da Silva, J. (2019). Evaluation of Normalized Difference Water Index as a Tool for Monitoring Pasture Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variability in a Mediterranean Agro-Silvo-Pastoral System. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11010062"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.03.002","article-title":"Are ecosystem service studies presenting the right information for decision making?","volume":"25","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09863-1","article-title":"Spatial multi-scale relationships of ecosystem services: A case study using a geostatistical methodology","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.03.035","article-title":"Bringing ecosystem services indicators into spatial planning practice: Lessons from collaborative development of a web-based visualization platform","volume":"61","author":"Teich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.084","article-title":"LaRiMo\u2014A simple and efficient GIS-based approach for large-scale morphological assessment of large European rivers","volume":"628\u2013629","author":"Bechter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Luo, J., Feng, L., and Zhou, X. (2019). DCN-Based Spatial Features for Improving Parcel-Based Crop Classification Using High-Resolution Optical Images and Multi-Temporal SAR Data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11131619"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25749","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05821-8","article-title":"Financial liability for environmental damage: Insurance market in Italy, focus on Veneto region experience","volume":"26","author":"Staccione","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (2019, November 08). Upcoming Product: CLC+. Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/user-corner\/technical-library\/upcoming-product-clc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2016.10.015","article-title":"A comparative analysis of ecosystem services valuation approaches for application at the local scale and in data scarce regions","volume":"22","author":"Pandeya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (2019, November 11). High Resolution Vegetation Phenology and Productivity. Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/user-corner\/technical-library\/phenology."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/24\/2967\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:41:18Z","timestamp":1760190078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/24\/2967"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11242967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11242967","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]]}}}