{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T22:45:44Z","timestamp":1786488344607,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]],"date-time":"2019-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20191284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20191284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX19_0306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX19_0306"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61801222, 61371168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61801222, 61371168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Random forest (RF) has obtained great success in hyperspectral image (HSI) classification. However, RF cannot leverage its full potential in the case of limited labeled samples. To address this issue, we propose a unified framework that embeds active learning (AL) and semi-supervised learning (SSL) into RF (ASSRF). Our aim is to utilize AL and SSL simultaneously to improve the performance of RF. The objective of the proposed method is to use a small number of manually labeled samples to train classifiers with relative high classification accuracy. To achieve this goal, a new query function is designed to query the most informative samples for manual labeling, and a new pseudolabeling strategy is introduced to select some samples for pseudolabeling. Compared with other AL- and SSL-based methods, the proposed method has several advantages. First, ASSRF utilizes the spatial information to construct a query function for AL, which can select more informative samples. Second, in addition to providing more labeled samples for SSL, the proposed pseudolabeling method avoids bias caused by AL-labeled samples. Finally, the proposed model retains the advantages of RF. To demonstrate the effectiveness of ASSRF, we conducted experiments on three real hyperspectral data sets. The experimental results have shown that our proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T03:20:16Z","timestamp":1576120816000},"page":"2974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Active Semi-Supervised Random Forest for Hyperspectral Image Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4761-4726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuesong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bisheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"},{"name":"Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.906438","article-title":"Vegetation mapping for landmine detection using long-wave hyperspectral imagery","volume":"46","author":"Zare","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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