{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T03:31:53Z","timestamp":1769830313206,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]],"date-time":"2019-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO. 201508130061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 201508130061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO.201708410299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.201708410299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant-Aid for Scientific Research (C) #17K00540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant-Aid for Scientific Research (C) #17K00540"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Identification of complete drivers for phenology changes is crucial for developing prediction models of plant phenology. In addition to climatic factors, the interaction among phenological events has recently been reported as an important driver for the phenology changes of forests, savannas, and grasslands. However, open questions remain as to whether the phenological interaction exists in agricultural ecosystems, among which winter wheat plays a vital role in feeding human beings. In this study, we investigated the interaction among the phenological events of winter wheat in the North China Plain (NCP) using both field and satellite data. Considering the large discrepancies between the existing satellite estimation and field measurements of winter wheat phenology, we first improved the MODIS-based estimation of green-up date (GUD), heading date (HD), and maturity date (MD) through a re-calibrated relative threshold method (RTM) in the NCP. The GUD, HD, and MD were accurately estimated with the mean absolute errors (MAE) and root mean squared errors (RMSE) lower than 7.5 days, compared with the RMSEs ranging from 12.0 to 36.1 days in previous studies. Then, the relationships among the GUD, HD, and MD were analyzed using the field data collected at agricultural meteorological stations. The GUD (HD) showed a significantly positive correlation with the HD (MD). Quantitatively, a one-day earlier GUD (HD) would result in an earlier HD (MD) of 0.57 days (0.60 days). Furthermore, we applied the partial correlation analysis to the improved MODIS estimation of GUD, HD, and MD to investigate their interactions by considering the simultaneous influences from climatic factors. The results showed that the HD (MD) with 85.2% (94.5%) of all winter wheat pixels presented a significantly positive correlation with the GUD (HD). Meanwhile, the GUD (HD) with 84.2% (33.3%) of the entire winter wheat area presented a significantly negative correlation with pre-season temperature. These results suggest that both the climatic factors and phenological interactions should be included in the future development of winter wheat phenology models to improve the prediction accuracies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T03:20:16Z","timestamp":1576120816000},"page":"2976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Interactions among the Phenological Events of Winter Wheat in the North China Plain-Based on Field Data and Improved MODIS Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xifang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 2638522, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4597-877X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 2638522, Japan"}]},{"given":"Chunyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 2638522, Japan"},{"name":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China"}]},{"given":"Akihiko","family":"Kondoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 2638522, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.394","article-title":"Contrasting wheat phenological responses to climate change in global scale","volume":"665","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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