{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T03:11:45Z","timestamp":1775704305959,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["731070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["731070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During explosive eruptions, emergency responders and government agencies need to make fast decisions that should be based on an accurate forecast of tephra dispersal and assessment of the expected impact. Here, we propose a new operational tephra fallout monitoring and forecasting system based on quantitative volcanological observations and modelling. The new system runs at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo (INGV-OE) and is able to provide a reliable hazard assessment to the National Department of Civil Protection (DPC) during explosive eruptions. The new operational system combines data from low-cost calibrated visible cameras and satellite images to estimate the variation of column height with time and model volcanic plume and fallout in near-real-time (NRT). The new system has three main objectives: (i) to determine column height in NRT using multiple sensors (calibrated cameras and satellite images); (ii) to compute isomass and isopleth maps of tephra deposits in NRT; (iii) to help the DPC to best select the eruption scenarios run daily by INGV-OE every three hours. A particular novel feature of the new system is the computation of an isopleth map, which helps to identify the region of sedimentation of large clasts (\u22655 cm) that could cause injuries to tourists, hikers, guides, and scientists, as well as damage buildings in the proximity of the summit craters. The proposed system could be easily adapted to other volcano observatories worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T11:06:41Z","timestamp":1576148801000},"page":"2987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Near-Real-Time Tephra Fallout Assessment at Mt. Etna, Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8704-8629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Scollo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5593-1775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Prestifilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Bonadonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des sciences de la Terre, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Raffaello","family":"Cioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Corradini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 00143 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Degruyter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des sciences de la Terre, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6519-3868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malvina","family":"Silvestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 00143 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Biale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Carparelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carmelo","family":"Cassisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6910-8800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Merucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 00143 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6235-1565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Musacchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 00143 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Pecora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.08.011","article-title":"Physicochemical and toxicological profiling of ash from the 2010 and 2011 eruptions of Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull and Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn volcanoes, Iceland using a rapid respiratory hazard assessment protocol","volume":"127","author":"Horwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. 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