{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:08:52Z","timestamp":1777900132077,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,14]],"date-time":"2019-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF-2018R1A2B2006555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1A2B2006555"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mixed layer depth (MLD) is generally estimated using in situ or model data. However, MLD analyses have limitations due to the sparse resolution of the observed data. Therefore, this study reconstructs three-dimensional (3D) ocean thermal structures using only satellite sea surface measurements for a higher spatial and longer temporal resolution than that of Argo and diagnoses the decadal variation of global MLD variability. To simulate the ocean thermal structures, the relationship between the ocean subsurface temperature and the sea surface fields was computed based on gridded Argo data. Based on this relationship, high spatial resolution and extended periods of satellite-derived altimeter, sea surface temperature (SST), and wind stress data were used to estimate the 3D ocean thermal structures with 0.25\u00b0 spatial resolution and 26 standard depth levels (5\u20132000 m) for 24 years (1993\u20132016). Then, the MLD was calculated using a temperature threshold method (\u2206T = 0.2 \u00b0C) and correlated reasonably well (&gt;0.9) with other MLD datasets. The extended 24-year data enabled us to analyze the decadal variability of the MLD. The global linear trend of the 24-year MLD is \u22120.110 m yr\u22121; however, from 1998 to 2012, the linear trend is \u22120.003 m yr\u22121 which is an order of magnitude smaller than that of other periods and corresponds to a global warming hiatus period. Via comparisons between the trends of the SST anomalies and the MLD anomalies, we tracked how the MLD trend changes in response to the global warming hiatus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11243018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T05:19:38Z","timestamp":1576473578000},"page":"3018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Reconstructed 3-D Ocean Temperature Derived from Remotely Sensed Sea Surface Measurements for Mixed Layer Depth Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yubeen","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihyun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinku","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chan Joo","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Circulation and Climate Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Yeongdo-Gu, Busan 49111, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8013-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Heon","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16803","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JC900072","article-title":"An optimal definition for ocean mixed layer depth","volume":"105","author":"Kara","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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