{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T03:18:56Z","timestamp":1765423136222,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,14]],"date-time":"2019-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. NA18NOS400198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. NA18NOS400198"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RWO 300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RWO 300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FLA-FOR-005305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FLA-FOR-005305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lidar from small unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) is a viable method for collecting geospatial data associated with a wide variety of applications. Point clouds from UAS lidar require a means for accuracy assessment, calibration, and adjustment. In order to carry out these procedures, specific locations within the point cloud must be precisely found. To do this, artificial targets may be used for rural settings, or anywhere there is a lack of identifiable and measurable features in the scene. This paper presents the design of lidar targets for precise location based on geometric structure. The targets and associated mensuration algorithm were tested in two scenarios to investigate their performance under different point densities, and different levels of algorithmic rigor. The results show that the targets can be accurately located within point clouds from typical scanning parameters to &lt;2 cm     \u03c3 ,     and that including observation weights in the algorithm based on propagated point position uncertainty leads to more accurate results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11243019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T05:19:38Z","timestamp":1576473578000},"page":"3019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Geometric Targets for UAS Lidar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Program, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Geospatial Modeling and Applications Lab, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1870-110X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. Andrew","family":"Lassiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Program, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Geospatial Modeling and Applications Lab, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6182-4017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"Abd-Elrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Program, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Geospatial Modeling and Applications Lab, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}]},{"given":"Raymond R.","family":"Carthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Florida Cooperative Fish &amp; Wildlife Research Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ifju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}]},{"given":"Eben","family":"Broadbent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Program, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Conservation (SPEC) Lab, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Grimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Art and Design, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W2-87-2016","article-title":"The potential of light laser scanners developed for unmanned aerial vehicles\u2014The review and accuracy","volume":"62","author":"Pilarska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"The state of lidar for UAS applications. Lidar\u2019s next geospatial frontier","volume":"29","author":"Starek","year":"2015","journal-title":"UAS Spec. GIM Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2010.2079913","article-title":"Mini-UAV-borne LiDAR for fine-scale mapping","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4061519","article-title":"Development of a UAV-LiDAR system with application to forest inventory","volume":"4","author":"Wallace","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.81.7.543","article-title":"The Universal Lidar Error Model","volume":"81","author":"Rodarmel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-III-1-201-2016","article-title":"UAS Topographic Mapping with Velodyne LiDAR Sensor","volume":"3","author":"Jozkowa","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2019, September 12). American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), Summary of Research and Development Efforts Necessary for Assuring Geometric Quality of Lidar Data. 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