{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T04:57:35Z","timestamp":1772773055249,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91537214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91537214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41705008, 41905084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41705008, 41905084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Chengdu University of Information Technology","award":["KYTZ201728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYTZ201728"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The millimeter-wave cloud radar, ceilometer, and disdrometer have been widely used to observe clouds and precipitation. However, there are some drawbacks when those three instruments are solely employed due to their own limitations, such as the fact that radars usually suffer from signal attenuation and ceilometers\/disdrometers cannot provide measurements of the hydrometeors of aloft clouds and precipitation. Thus, in this paper, we developed an integrated technology by combining and utilizing the advantages of three instruments together to investigate the vertical structure and diurnal variation of warm clouds and precipitation, and the raindrop size distribution. Specifically, the technology consists of appropriate data processing, quality control, and retrieval methods. It was implemented to study the warm clouds and precipitation in South China during the pre-flood season of 2016. The results showed that the hydrometeors of warm clouds and precipitation were mainly distributed below 2.5 km and most of the rainfall events were very light with a rain rate less than 1 mm h\u22121, however, the stronger precipitation primarily contributed the accumulated rain amount. Furthermore, a rising trend of cloud base height from 1000 to 1900 BJT was found. The cloud top height and cloud thickness gradually increased from 1200 BJT to reach a maximum at 1600 BJT (Beijing Standard Time, UTC+8), and then decreased until 2000 BJT. Also, three periods of the apparent rainfall on the ground of the day, namely, 0400\u20130700 BJT, 1400\u20131800 BJT, and 2300\u20132400 BJT were observed. During three periods, the raindrops had wider size spectra, higher number concentrations, larger rain rates, and higher water contents than at other times. The hydrometeor type, size, and concentration were gradually changed in the vertical orientation. The raindrop size distributions of warm precipitation in the air and on the ground were different, which can be expressed by    \u03b3    distributions N(D) = 1.49 \u00d7 104D\u22120.9484exp(\u22126.79D) in the air and N(D) = 1.875 \u00d7 103D0.862exp(\u22122.444D) on the ground, where D and N(D) denote the diameter and number concentration of the raindrops, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11243045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T03:19:36Z","timestamp":1576811976000},"page":"3045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Characteristics of Warm Clouds and Precipitation in South China during the Pre-Flood Season Using Datasets from a Cloud Radar, a Ceilometer, and a Disdrometer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5836-6839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiafeng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9795-3064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haonan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA\/Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yabin","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuzhang","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haolin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.04.009","article-title":"An Investigation into Microphysical Structure of a Squall Line in South China Observed with A Polarimetric Radar and A Disdrometer","volume":"226","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Ruan, Z., Zheng, J., and Gao, W. (2017). Comparing and Merging Observation Data from Ka-band Cloud Radar, C-band Frequency-modulated Continuous Wave Radar and Ceilometer Systems. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9121282"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.01.022","article-title":"Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution in south China summer based on the vertical structure derived from VPR-CFMCW","volume":"222","author":"Huo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11709","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-11709-2018","article-title":"Cloud Vertical Structure over A Tropical Station Obtained Using Long-term High-resolution Radiosonde Measurements","volume":"18","author":"Basha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00196.1","article-title":"Aircraft Observations of Dry Air, the ITCZ, Convective Cloud Systems, and Cold Pools in MJO during DYNAMO","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.41.003725","article-title":"Cloud Physics Lidar: Instrument Description and Initial Measurement Results","volume":"41","author":"Mcgill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-014-0965-x","article-title":"Spectral Characteristics of Tropical Anvils Obtained by Combining TRMM Precipitation Radar with Visible and Infrared Scanner Data","volume":"172","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1995)008<0550:CLTFAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cloud Layer Thicknesses from a Combination of Surface and Upper-Air Observations","volume":"8","author":"Poore","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI4213.1","article-title":"Changes in Cloud-Ceiling Heights and Frequencies over the United States since the Early 1950s","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faccani, C., Rabier, F., Fourri\u00e9, N., Agusti-Panareda, A., Karbou, F., Moll, P., Lafore, J.-P., Nuret, M., Hdidou, F., and Bock, O. (2009). The Impacts of AMMA Radiosonde Data on the French Global Assimilation and Forecast System. Weather Forecast., 24.","DOI":"10.1175\/2009WAF2222237.1"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1268","article-title":"Consistency analysis for cloud vertical structure derived from millimeter cloud radar and radiosonde profiles","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13309","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-13309-2016","article-title":"The Climatology of Planetary Boundary Layer Height in China Derived from Radiosonde and Reanalysis Data","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-9951-2016","article-title":"Planetary Boundary Layer Height from CALIOP Compared to Radiosonde over China","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1175\/2007MWR2199.1","article-title":"Aircraft Observations of a Coastally Trapped Wind Reversal off the California Coast","volume":"136","author":"Parish","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00011.1","article-title":"Measurement of Cloud Perturbation Pressures Using an Instrumented Aircraft","volume":"30","author":"Parish","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14989","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900789","article-title":"An Overview of Microphysical Properties of Arctic Clouds Observed in May and July 1998 during FIRE ACE","volume":"106","author":"Lawson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.2514\/1.37596","article-title":"Aircraft Icing in Glaciated and Mixed Phase Clouds","volume":"45","author":"Hallett","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Aircr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-15-0148.1","article-title":"How Biased Is Aircraft Cloud Sampling?","volume":"33","author":"Field","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD028044","article-title":"The Cloud Top Distribution and Diurnal Variation of Clouds over East Asia: Preliminary Results from Advanced Himawari Imager","volume":"123","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-12-0325.1","article-title":"The Diurnal Cycle of Cloud-top Height and Cloud Cover over the Southerstern PACIFIC AS Observed by GOES-10","volume":"70","author":"Painemal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JTECHA964.1","article-title":"Image Navigation for the FY2 Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0065.1","article-title":"Introducing the New Generation of Chinese Geostationary Weather Satellites, Fengyun-4","volume":"98","author":"Jun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01029783","article-title":"The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)","volume":"60","author":"Simpson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-83-12-1771","article-title":"The Cloudsat Mission and the EOS Constellation: A New Dimension of Space-Based Observation of Clouds and Precipitation","volume":"83","author":"Stephens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00164.1","article-title":"The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission: Overview and U.S. Science Status","volume":"95","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Chandrasekar, V., Tan, H., and Cifelli, R. (2019). Rainfall Estimation from Ground Radar and TRMM Precipitation Radar Using Hybrid Deep Neural Networks. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46.","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL084771"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4087","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020919","article-title":"Joint analysis of cloud-top heights from CloudSat and CALIPSO: New Insights into Cloud-top Microphysics","volume":"119","author":"Hagihara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1397.1","article-title":"The Evaluation of Cloud Sat and CALIPSO Ice Microphysical Products Using Ground-Based Cloud Radar and Lidar Observations","volume":"27","author":"Protat","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5705","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2824399","article-title":"Performance Evaluations of Rain Microphysical Retrieval Using Gpm Dual-Wavelength Radar by Way of Comparison With the Self-Consistent Numerical Method","volume":"56","author":"Gorgucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-18-0243.1","article-title":"Ice Microphysical Properties near the Tops of Deep Convective Cores Implied by the GPM Dual-Frequency Radar Observations","volume":"76","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-016-3071-1","article-title":"L\u2019Ecuyer, Tristan. Evaluation of Current and Projected Antarctic Precipitation in Cmip5 Models","volume":"48","author":"Palerme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"D01203","article-title":"CloudSat Measurements of Landfalling Hurricanes Gustav and Ike (2008)","volume":"116","author":"Matrosov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-010-0853-8","article-title":"Vertical Cloud Structures of the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Variability based on Cloudsat Observations and Era-interim Reanalysis","volume":"36","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020972","article-title":"Characterizing Tropical Overshooting Deep Convection from Joint Analysis of CloudSat and Geostationary Satellite Observations","volume":"119","author":"Takahashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8135","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JD028053","article-title":"Multiple Factors Explaining the Deficiency of Cloud Profiling Radar on Detecting Oceanic Warm Clouds","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0443:AUCPRF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An Unattended Cloud-Profiling Radar for Use in Climate Research","volume":"79","author":"Moran","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6590","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3449.1","article-title":"Vertical Velocity Statistics in Fair-Weather Cumuli at the ARM TWP Nauru Climate Research Facility","volume":"23","author":"Kollias","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kollias, P., Jasmine, R., Edward, L., and Wanda, S. (2011). Cloud radar Doppler spectra in drizzling stratiform clouds: 1. Forward modeling and remote sensing applications. J. Geophys. Res., 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD015237"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2001)058<1750:ROOUDA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Savtchenko. Radar Observations of Updrafts, Downdrafts, and Turbulence in Fair-Weather Cumuli","volume":"58","author":"Kollias","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1994)075<1201:TARMPP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program: Programmatic Background and Design of the Cloud and Radiation Test Bed","volume":"75","author":"Stokes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0050.1","article-title":"The Third Atmospheric Scientific Experiment for Understanding the Earth\u2013Atmosphere Coupled System over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Effects","volume":"99","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"145","article-title":"Cloudnet","volume":"88","author":"Illingworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomech. Eng. Text. Cloth."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.02.007","article-title":"Elucidating Cloud Vertical Structures based on Three-year Ka-band Cloud Radar Observations from Beijing, China","volume":"222","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11092","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027233","article-title":"Raindrop Size Distribution Measurements at 4,500 m on the Tibetan Plateau During TIPEX-III","volume":"122","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"341","article-title":"The Microphysical Features of Warm Cloud over the Xinfeng Jiang River Valley in Guangdong during April to May","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Trop. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"922","article-title":"Airborne Measurements of Microphysical Characteristics of Warm Stratus Clouds in Winter Nanning, Guangxi","volume":"33","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trop. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Zhang, P., Liu, L., Liu, Y., and Che, Y. (2019). A Study of Vertical Structures and Microphysical Characteristics of Different Convective Cloud\u2013Precipitation Types Using Ka-Band Millimeter Wave Radar Measurements. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11151810"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., and Zheng, J. (2019). Algorithms for Doppler Spectral Density Data Quality Control and Merging for the Ka-Band Solid-State Transmitter Cloud Radar. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020209"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1974)013<0808:ODOTNL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Objective Determination of the Noise Level in Doppler Spectra","volume":"13","author":"Hildebrand","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2004)021<0660:DMCPFD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Deriving Mixed-Phase Cloud Properties from Doppler Radar Spectra","volume":"21","author":"Shupe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Ding, H., Dong, X., Cao, J., and Su, T. (2019). Applications of QC and Merged Doppler Spectral Density Data from Ka-Band Cloud Radar to Microphysics Retrieval and Comparison with Airplane in Situ Observation. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11131595"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-1677.1","article-title":"Attenuation-Based Estimates of Rainfall Rates Aloft with Vertically Pointing Ka-Band Radars","volume":"22","author":"Matrosov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-14-00066.1","article-title":"A 35-GHz Polarimetric Doppler Radar for Long-Term Observations of Cloud Parameters\u2014Description of System and Data Processing","volume":"32","author":"Volker","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JTECHA953.1","article-title":"A Technique for the Automatic Detection of Insect Clutter in Cloud Radar Returns","volume":"25","author":"Luke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"748","article-title":"Ka-band millimeter wave cloud radar data quality control","volume":"35","author":"ZHENG","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infrared Millim. Waves"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1994)011<0712:MOCDSS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Measurement of Cloud Droplet Size Spectra by Doppler Radar","volume":"11","author":"Gossard","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Liping, L., Keyun, Z., Jingya, W., and Binyun, W. (2017). A Method for Retrieving Vertical Air Velocities in Convective Clouds over the Tibetan Plateau from TIPEX-III Cloud Radar Doppler Spectra. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201707.0060.v1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokol, Z., Min\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1, J., and Nov\u00e1k, P. (2018). Classification of Hydrometeors Using Measurements of the Ka-Band Cloud Radar Installed at the Mile\u0161ovka Mountain (Central Europe). Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111674"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1949)006<0243:TTVOFF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Terminal Velocity of Fall for Water Droplets in Stagnant Air","volume":"6","author":"Gunn","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1969)008<0249:TVORA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Terminal Velocity of Raindrops Aloft","volume":"8","author":"Foote","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1332.1","article-title":"PARSIVEL Snow Observations: A Critical Assessment","volume":"27","author":"Battaglia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JHM1244.1","article-title":"Experimental Quantification of the Sampling Uncertainty Associated with Mesurements from PARSIVEL Disdrometers","volume":"12","author":"Jaffrain","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-16-0304.1","article-title":"Toward Completing the Raindrop Size Spectrum: Case Studies Involving 2D-Video Disdrometer, Droplet Spectrometer, and Polarimetric Radar Measurements","volume":"56","author":"Thurai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D13203","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD015238","article-title":"Cloud radar Doppler spectra in drizzling stratiform clouds: 2. Observations and microphysical modeling of drizzle evolution","volume":"116","author":"Kollias","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1983)022<1764:NVITAF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution","volume":"22","author":"Ulbrich","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-016-5151-x","article-title":"TRMM-observed summer warm rain over the tropical and sub-tropical Paciflc Ocean: Characteristics and regional difierences","volume":"30","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/24\/3045\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:42:57Z","timestamp":1760190177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/24\/3045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11243045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11243045","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]}}}