{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T01:48:24Z","timestamp":1782784104889,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]],"date-time":"2019-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PolyU 152043\/14E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU 152043\/14E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010428","name":"Innovation and Technology Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GHP\/006\/14SZ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHP\/006\/14SZ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41374013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41374013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coastal erosion endangers millions living near-shore and puts coastal infrastructure at risk, particularly in low-lying deltaic coasts of developing nations. This study focuses on morphological changes along the ~320-km-long Sindh coastline of Pakistan over past three decades. In this study, the Landsat images from 1989 to 2018 at an interval of 10 years are used to analyze the state of coastline erosion. For this purpose, well-known statistical approaches such as end point rate (EPR), least median of squares (LMS), and linear regression rate (LRR) are used to calculate the rates of coastline change. We analyze the erosion trend along with the underlying controlling variables of coastal change. Results show that most areas along the coastline have experienced noteworthy erosion during the study period. It is found that Karachi coastline experienced 2.43 \u00b1 0.45 m\/yr of erosion and 8.34 \u00b1 0.45 m\/yr of accretion, while erosion on the western and eastern sides of Indus River reached 12.5 \u00b1 0.55 and 19.96 \u00b1 0.65 m\/yr on average, respectively. Coastal erosion is widespread along the entire coastline. However, the rate of erosion varies across the study area with a general trend of erosion increasing from west to east in the Indus Delta region (IDR), and the highest average erosion rate is 27.46 m\/yr. The interdecadal change during 1989\u20131999, 1999\u20132009 and 2009\u20132018 periods depicted an increasing linear trend (R2 = 0.78) from Karachi to Indus River (IR) East zone. The spatial trend from west to east is positively correlated with mean sea level rise, which has increased from 1.1 to 1.9 mm\/year, and negatively correlated with topographic slope, which is found to be decreasing eastward along the coastline. The findings necessitate appropriate actions and have important implications to better manage coastal areas in Pakistan in the wake of global climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:15:01Z","timestamp":1577070901000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Three Decades of Coastal Changes in Sindh, Pakistan (1989\u20132018): A Geospatial Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3670-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamsa","family":"Kanwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5733-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1576-1342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sajjad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Centre, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08542, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3417-217X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sawaid","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2017.07.011","article-title":"Coastal erosion in central Chile: A new hazard?","volume":"156","author":"Winckler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. 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