{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T21:52:43Z","timestamp":1782251563369,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate estimation of precipitation is crucial for fundamental input to various hydrometeorological applications. Ground-based precipitation data suffer limitations associated with spatial resolution and coverage; hence, satellite precipitation products can be used to complement traditional rain gauge systems. However, the satellite precipitation data need to be validated before extensive use in the applications. Hence, we conducted a thorough validation of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals (IMERG) product for all of Iran. The study focused on investigating the performance of daily and monthly GPM IMERG (early, late, final, and monthly) products by comparing them with ground-based precipitation data at synoptic stations throughout the country (2014\u20132017). The spatial and temporal performance of the GPM IMERG was evaluated using eight statistical criteria considering the rainfall index at the country level. The rainfall detection ability index (POD) showed that the best IMERG product\u2019s performance is for the spring season while the false alarm ratio (FAR) index indicated the inferior performance of the IMERG products for the summer season. The performance of the products generally increased from IMERG-Early to \u2013Final according to the relative bias (rBIAS) results while, based on the quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plots, the IMERG-Final could not be suggested for the applications relying on extreme rainfall estimates compared to IMERG-Early and -Late. The results in this paper improve the understanding of IMERG product\u2019s performance and open a door to future studies regarding hydrometeorological applications of these products in Iran.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:15:01Z","timestamp":1577070901000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Ground Validation of GPM IMERG Precipitation Products over Iran"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh Fadia","family":"Maghsood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Middle Eastern Studies &amp; Department of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Watershed Management and Engineering, College of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2160-1772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Middle Eastern Studies &amp; Department of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6130-0937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyyed Hasan","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Middle Eastern Studies &amp; Department of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1473-0138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronny","family":"Berndtsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Middle Eastern Studies &amp; Department of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2013.05.013","article-title":"Evaluation of satellite-based precipitation estimation over Iran","volume":"97","author":"Nasrollahi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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