{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:04:16Z","timestamp":1777586656701,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1407206; 2017YFE0111700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1407206; 2017YFE0111700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013337","name":"Global Change Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015CB953901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015CB953901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41976214, 41922044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41976214, 41922044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Analyses of landfast ice in Arctic coastal areas provide a comprehensive understanding of the variations in Arctic sea ice and generate data for studies on the utilization of the Arctic passages. Based on our analysis, Arctic landfast ice mainly appears in January\u2013June and is distributed within the narrow straits of the Canadian Archipelago (nearly 40%), the coastal areas of the East Siberian Sea, the Laptev Sea, and the Kara Sea. From 1976\u20132018, the landfast ice extent gradually decreased at an average rate of \u22121.1 \u00b1 0.5 \u00d7 104 km2\/yr (10.5% per decade), while the rate of decrease for entire Arctic sea ice was \u22126.0 \u00b1 2.4 \u00d7 104 km2\/yr (5.2% per decade). The annual maximum extent reached 2.3 \u00d7 106 km2 in the early 1980s, and by 2018, the maximum extent decreased by 0.6 \u00d7 106 km2, which is an area approximately equivalent the Laptev Sea. The mean duration of Arctic landfast ice is 44 weeks, which has gradually been reduced at a rate of \u22120.06 \u00b1 0.03 weeks\/yr. Regional landfast ice extent decreases in 16 of the 17 subregions except for the Bering Sea, making it the only subregion where both the extent and duration increases. The maximum mean landfast ice thickness appears in the northern Canadian Archipelago (&gt;2.5 m), with the highest increasing trend (0.1 m\/yr). In the Northeast Passage, the mean landfast ice thickness is 1.57 m, with a slight decreasing trend of \u22121.2 cm\/yr, which is smaller than that for entire Arctic sea ice (\u22125.1 cm\/yr). The smaller decreasing trend in the landfast ice extent and thickness suggests that the well-known Arctic sea ice decline largely occurred in the pack ice zone, while the larger relative extent loss indicates a faster ice free future in the landfast ice zone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]],"date-time":"2019-12-24T05:56:15Z","timestamp":1577166975000},"page":"64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Extent and Thickness of Arctic Landfast Ice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography\/Institute for Advanced Ocean Studies, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards Forecasting, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiechen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards Forecasting, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography\/Institute for Advanced Ocean Studies, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards Forecasting, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8156-8412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00101 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengming","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7114-2036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinghua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50193","article-title":"CryoSat-2 estimates of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume","volume":"40","author":"Laxon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. 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