{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:22:12Z","timestamp":1777490532673,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]],"date-time":"2019-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFD0201200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0201200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019FZA6005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019FZA6005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate estimates of the spatial distribution of total nitrogen (TN) in soil are fundamental for soil quality assessment, decision making in land management, and global nitrogen cycle modeling. In China, current maps are limited to individual regions or are of coarse resolution. In this study, we compiled a new 90-m resolution map of soil TN in China by the weighted summation of random forest and extreme gradient boosting. After harmonizing soil data from 4022 soil profiles into a fixed soil depth (0\u201320 cm) by equal area spline, 18 environmental covariates were employed to characterize the spatial pattern of soil TN in topsoil across China. The accuracy assessments from independent validation data showed that the weighted model averaging gave the best predictions with an acceptable R2 (0.41). The prediction map showed that high-value areas of soil TN were mainly distributed in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, central Qilian Mountains and the north of the Greater Khingan Range. Climate factors had a considerable influence on the variation of the soil TN, and land-use types played a pivotal part in each climate zone. This high-resolution and high-quality soil TN data set in China can be very useful for future inventories of soil nitrogen, assessments of soil nutrient status, and management of arable land.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]],"date-time":"2019-12-25T11:07:48Z","timestamp":1577272068000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Fine-Resolution Mapping of Soil Total Nitrogen across China Based on Weighted Model Averaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0099-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information Technology Application, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0340-5594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information Technology Application, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1245-0482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songchao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR SAS, INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, 35000 Rennes, France"},{"name":"INRAE Unit\u00e9 InfoSol, 45075 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongzheng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for High Technology Research and Development, Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information Technology Application, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3914-5402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhou","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information Technology Application, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2009.09.017","article-title":"Evaluation of sensing technologies for on-the-go detection of macro-nutrients in cultivated soils","volume":"70","author":"Sinfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. 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