{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T05:04:54Z","timestamp":1769922294629,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201603170234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201603170234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thermal imagery is widely used in various fields of remote sensing. In this study, a novel processing scheme is developed to process the data acquired by the oblique airborne photogrammetric system AOS-Tx8 consisting of four thermal cameras and four RGB cameras with the goal of large-scale area thermal attribute mapping. In order to merge 3D RGB data and 3D thermal data, registration is conducted in four steps: First, thermal and RGB point clouds are generated independently by applying structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry to both the thermal and RGB imagery. Next, a coarse point cloud registration is performed by the support of georeferencing data (global positioning system, GPS). Subsequently, a fine point cloud registration is conducted by octree-based iterative closest point (ICP). Finally, three different texture mapping strategies are compared. Experimental results showed that the global image pose refinement outperforms the other two strategies at registration accuracy between thermal imagery and RGB point cloud. Potential building thermal leakages in large areas can be fast detected in the generated texture mapping results. Furthermore, a combination of the proposed workflow and the oblique airborne system allows for a detailed thermal analysis of building roofs and facades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T03:28:53Z","timestamp":1578022133000},"page":"112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evaluating Thermal Attribute Mapping Strategies for Oblique Airborne Photogrammetric System AOS-Tx8"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6847-4024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"Bannehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geoinformation and Surveying, Hochschule Anhalt, 06846 Dessau-Ro\u00dflau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Ulrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geoinformation and Surveying, Hochschule Anhalt, 06846 Dessau-Ro\u00dflau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9034-3469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Gerd","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1127\/1432-8364\/2015\/0274","article-title":"Generation of TIR-attributed 3d point clouds from UAV-based thermal imagery","volume":"5","author":"Westfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photogramm. Fernerkund. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooke, C. (2018). Thermal Imaging for the Archaeological Investigation of Historic Buildings. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091401"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.69.4.391","article-title":"Demonstrating UAV-acquired real-time thermal data over fires","volume":"69","author":"Ambrosia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5175","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2287238","article-title":"Methods for large-scale monitoring of district heating systems using airborne thermography","volume":"52","author":"Friman","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1029\/2018WR024507","article-title":"Evaluating Image Tracking Approaches for Surface Velocimetry with Thermal Tracers","volume":"55","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, D.T., Kim, K.W., Hong, H.G., Koo, J.H., Kim, M.C., and Park, K.R. (2017). Gender recognition from human-body images using visible-light and thermal camera videos based on a convolutional neural network for image feature extraction. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030637"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.109","article-title":"Objective assessment of multiresolution image fusion algorithms for context enhancement in night vision: A comparative study","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.05.001","article-title":"An overview of current and potential applications of thermal remote sensing in precision agriculture","volume":"139","author":"Khanal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, H.K., Clarkson, G.J., Taylor, G., Thompson, A.J., Clarkson, J., and Rajpoot, N.M. (2014). Automatic detection of regions in spinach canopies responding to soil moisture deficit using combined visible and thermal imagery. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097612"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.09.059","article-title":"A comparison of thermal infrared to fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing for evaluation of groundwater discharge to surface water","volume":"530","author":"Hare","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2015.03.004","article-title":"3D as-is building energy modeling and diagnosis: A review of the state-of-the-art","volume":"29","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-2-W5-45-2019","article-title":"Unsupervised window extraction from photogrammetric point clouds with thermal attributes","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bannehr, L., Pohl, H., Ulrich, C., and Hermann, K. (February, January 31). AOS-Tx8, ein neues Thermal- und RGB Oblique Kamera System. Proceedings of the Photogrammetrie, Laserscanning, Optische 3D-Messtechnik, Beitr\u00e4ge der Oldenburger 3D-Tage, Oldenburger, Germany."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3091847","article-title":"Mapping infrared data on terrestrial laser scanning 3D models of buildings","volume":"3","author":"Alba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2014.06.002","article-title":"A mobile robot based system for fully automated thermal 3D mapping","volume":"28","author":"Borrmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.07.023","article-title":"Novel approach to 3D thermography and energy efficiency evaluation","volume":"54","author":"Armesto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2013.03.005","article-title":"An automated vision-based method for rapid 3D energy performance modeling of existing buildings using thermal and digital imagery","volume":"27","author":"Ham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Javadnejad, F. (2017). Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) for Engineering Inspections and Geospatial Mapping. [Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State University]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2013.07.030","article-title":"HeatWave: A handheld 3D thermography system for energy auditing","volume":"66","author":"Vidas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2360709","article-title":"Real-time mobile 3D temperature mapping","volume":"15","author":"Vidas","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M.D., Su, T.C., and Lin, H.Y. (2018). Fusion of Infrared Thermal Image and Visible Image for 3D Thermal Model Reconstruction Using Smartphone Sensors. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201805.0225.v1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maes, W.H., Huete, A.R., and Steppe, K. (2017). Optimizing the processing of UAV-based thermal imagery. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9050476"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.03.010","article-title":"Fusion of thermal imagery with point clouds for building fa\u00e7ade thermal attribute mapping","volume":"151","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoegner, L., and Stilla, U. (2009, January 20\u201322). Thermal leakage detection on building facades using infrared textures generated by mobile mapping. Proceedings of the IEEE Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/URS.2009.5137681"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsannals-II-3-W4-55-2015","article-title":"Building facade object detection from terrestrial thermal infrared image sequences combining different views","volume":"2","author":"Hoegner","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"252","article-title":"Mobile thermal mapping for matching of infrared images with 3D building models and 3D point clouds","volume":"15","author":"Hoegner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quant. InfraRed Thermgr. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-III-1-3-2016","article-title":"Quality assessment of building textures extracted from oblique airborne thermal imagery","volume":"3","author":"Iwaszczuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.08.006","article-title":"Camera pose refinement by matching uncertain 3D building models with thermal infrared image sequences for high quality texture extraction","volume":"132","author":"Iwaszczuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"585","article-title":"Thermal texture selection and correction for building facade inspection based on thermal radiant characteristics","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/phor.12216","article-title":"An advanced radiometric calibration approach for uncooled thermal cameras","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5194\/jsss-5-9-2016","article-title":"Shutter-less calibration of uncooled infrared cameras","volume":"5","author":"Tempelhahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sens. Sens. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"363","article-title":"A real-time system for object measurement with CCD cameras","volume":"26","year":"1986","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro-Gomes, K., Hern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez, D., Ortega, J.F., Ballesteros, R., Poblete, T., and Moreno, M.A. (2017). Uncooled thermal camera calibration and optimization of the photogrammetry process for UAV applications in agriculture. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102173"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.10.002","article-title":"Structure from Motion for aerial thermal imagery at city scale: Pre-processing, camera calibration, accuracy assessment","volume":"146","author":"Conte","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusu, R.B., and Cousins, S. (2011, January 9\u201313). 3D is here: Point cloud library (pcl). Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5980567"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.04.009","article-title":"Accurate 3D comparison of complex topography with terrestrial laser scanner: Application to the Rangitikei canyon (NZ)","volume":"82","author":"Lague","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vollmer, M., and M\u00f6llmann, K.P. (2017). Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications, John Wiley and Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527693306"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Zhou, Q.Y., Park, J., and Koltun, V. (2018). Open3D: A modern library for 3D data pro cessing. arXiv."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/1\/112\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:46:55Z","timestamp":1760190415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/1\/112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12010112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12010112","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]}}}