{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T21:38:00Z","timestamp":1782423480722,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001775","name":"University of Technology Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS) in the University of Technology Sydney (UTS) under Grants 321740.2232335 and 321740.2232357; Grant 321740.2232424, and Grant 321740.2232452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS) in the University of Technology Sydney (UTS) under Grants 321740.2232335 and 321740.2232357; Grant 321740.2232424, and Grant 321740.2232452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002507","name":"Kangwon National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research support project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research support project"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Researchers Supporting Project number RSP-2019\/14, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Researchers Supporting Project number RSP-2019\/14, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Imlili Sebkha is a stable and flat depression in southern Morocco that is more than 10 km long and almost 3 km wide. This region is mainly sandy, but its northern part holds permanent water pockets that contain fauna and flora despite their hypersaline water. Google Earth Engine (GEE) has revolutionized land monitoring analysis by allowing the use of satellite imagery and other datasets via cloud computing technology and server-side JavaScript programming. This work highlights the potential application of GEE in processing large amounts of satellite Earth Observation (EO) Big Data for the free, long-term, and wide spatio-temporal wet\/dry permanent salt water cavities and moisture monitoring of Imlili Sebkha. Optical and radar images were used to understand the functions of Imlili Sebkha in discovering underground hydrological networks. The main objective of this work was to investigate and evaluate the complementarity of optical Landsat, Sentinel-2 data, and Sentinel-1 radar data in such a desert environment. Results show that radar images are not only well suited in studying desertic areas but also in mapping the water cavities in desert wetland zones. The sensitivity of these images to the variations in the slope of the topographic surface facilitated the geological and geomorphological analyses of desert zones and helped reveal the hydrological functions of Imlili Sebkha in discovering buried underground networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T04:43:03Z","timestamp":1578026583000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Assessing the Changes in the Moisture\/Dryness of Water Cavity Surfaces in Imlili Sebkha in Southwestern Morocco by Using Machine Learning Classification in Google Earth Engine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8781-8141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Hakdaoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Department, Geo-Biodiversity and Natural Patrimony Laboratory, Geophysics, Natural Patrimony and Green Chemistry Research Center, Scientific Institute, Mohamed V University, Rabat. Av. Ibn Batouta B.P 703, Rabat 10106, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anas","family":"Emran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Department, Geo-Biodiversity and Natural Patrimony Laboratory, Geophysics, Natural Patrimony and Green Chemistry Research Center, Scientific Institute, Mohamed V University, Rabat. Av. Ibn Batouta B.P 703, Rabat 10106, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9863-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biswajeet","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Energy and Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University, Choongmu-gwan, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdeljebbar","family":"Qninba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Le Groupe de Recherche pour la Protection des Oiseaux au Maroc (GREPOM\/BirdLife) Residence Oum Hani IV, Sal\u00e9 11160, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taoufik El","family":"Balla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association \u201cNature Initiative\u201d, Avenue Mohamed Fadel Semlali, BP 79, Ad-Dakhla 11060, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5917-1275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred Hom\u00e8re Ngandam","family":"Mfondoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"StatsN\u2019Maps, Private Consulting Firm, Dallas, TX 75287, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Natural Resources Management, Department of Geography, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, Yaound\u00e9, PoBox 755, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7235-3225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Wook","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Science Education, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah M.","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology &amp; Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud Univ., P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Sebkhet Imlily, une zone humide originale dans le Sud Marocain","volume":"31","author":"Qninba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Inst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Relict tropical fish fauna in Central Sahara","volume":"1","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ichthyol. Explor. Freshw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trape, S. (2009). Impact of climate change on the relict tropical fish fauna of Central Sahara: Threat for the survival of Adrar mountains fishes, Mauritania. 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