{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T03:12:25Z","timestamp":1768014745275,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA Terrestrial Ecology","award":["NNX15AT74A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX15AT74A"]}]},{"name":"NASA MEaSUREs","award":["80NSSC18K0980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0980"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snowoff (SO) date\u2014defined as the last day of observed seasonal snow cover\u2014is an important governor of ecologic and hydrologic processes across Alaska and Arctic-Boreal landscapes; however, our understanding and capacity for the monitoring of spatial and temporal variability in the SO date is still lacking. In this study, we present a 6.25 km spatially gridded passive microwave (PMW) SO data record, complimenting current Alaskan SO records from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) and Landsat, but extending the SO record an additional 13 years. The PMW SO record was validated against in situ snow depth observations and showed favorable accuracy (0.66\u20130.92 mean correlations; 2\u201310 day mean absolute errors) for the major climate regions of Alaska. The PMW SO results were also within 10 days of finer spatial scale SO observational records, including Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS), MODIS, and Landsat, for a majority (75%) of Alaska. However, the PMW record showed a general SO delay at higher elevations and across the Alaska North Slope, and earlier SO in the Alaska interior and southwest regions relative to the other SO records. Overall, we assign an uncertainty +\/\u221211 days to the PMW SO. The PMW SO record benefits from the near-daily temporal fidelity of underlying brightness temperature (Tb) observations and reveals a mean regional trend in earlier SO timing (\u22120.39 days yr\u22121), while significant (p &lt; 0.1) SO trend areas encompassed 11% of the Alaska domain and ranged from \u22120.11 days yr\u22121 to \u22121.31 days yr\u22121 over the 29-year satellite record. The observed SO dates also showed anomalous early SO dates during markedly warm years. Our results clarify the pattern and rate of SO changes across Alaska, which are interactive with global warming and contributing to widespread permafrost degradation, changes in regional hydrology, ecosystems, and associated services. Our results also provide a robust means for SO monitoring from satellite PMW observations with similar precision as more traditional and finer scale observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T04:43:03Z","timestamp":1578026583000},"page":"153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Long-Term Passive Microwave Snowoff Record for the Alaska Region 1988\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4510-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caleb G.","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RedCastle Resources, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84138, USA"},{"name":"Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9770-5530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter B.","family":"Kirchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA"},{"name":"Southwest Alaska Network Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Anchorage, AK 99501, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Kimball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinyang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL053387","article-title":"Spring snow cover extent reductions in the 2008-2012 period exceeding climate model projections","volume":"39","author":"Derksen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1175\/2010EI315.1","article-title":"Circumpolar Arctic tundra vegetation change is linked to sea ice decline","volume":"14","author":"Bhatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Interact."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1117368","article-title":"Role of land-surface changes in arctic summer warming","volume":"310","author":"Chapin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-005-9017-y","article-title":"The arctic amplification debate","volume":"76","author":"Serreze","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029703","article-title":"Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast","volume":"34","author":"Stroeve","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-47-2017","article-title":"Satellite microwave assessment of Northern Hemisphere lake ice phenology from 2002 to 2015","volume":"11","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Kimball, J.S., Parazoo, N.C., Ballantyne, A.P., Wang, W.J., Madani, N., Pan, C.G., Watts, J.D., Reichle, R.H., and Sonnentag, O. (2019). Increased high-latitude photosynthetic carbon gain offset by respiration carbon loss during an anomalous warm winter to spring transition. Glob. Chang. Biol.","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14863"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/8\/084004","article-title":"New satellite climate data records indicate strong coupling between recent frozen season changes and snow cover over high northern latitudes","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201707889","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1707889114","article-title":"Early snowmelt significantly enhances boreal springtime carbon uptake","volume":"114","author":"Pulliainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.445","article-title":"Impact of the timing and duration of seasonal snow cover on the active layer and permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic","volume":"14","author":"Ling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0311-x","article-title":"Snow cover is a neglected driver of Arctic biodiversity loss","volume":"8","author":"Niittynen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0327-2","article-title":"Arctic plants threatened by winter snow loss","volume":"8","author":"Phoenix","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12961","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71012961","article-title":"Deriving snow cover metrics for Alaska from MODIS","volume":"7","author":"Lindsay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1354-1013.2001.00416.x","article-title":"Modelled changes in arctic tundra snow, energy and moisture fluxes due to increased shrubs","volume":"8","author":"Liston","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5691","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00081.1","article-title":"The Changing Cryosphere: Pan-Arctic Snow Trends (1979\u20132009)","volume":"24","author":"Liston","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-13-00342.1","article-title":"Using climate divisions to analyze variations and trends in Alaska temperature and precipitation","volume":"27","author":"Bieniek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010401","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aaeec1","article-title":"Integrating snow science and wildlife ecology in Arctic-boreal North America","volume":"14","author":"Boelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.10.007","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a cloud-gap-filled MODIS daily snow-cover product","volume":"114","author":"Hall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munkhjargal, M., Groos, S., Pan, C.G., Yadamsuren, G., Yamkin, J., and Menzel, L. (2019). Multi-Source Based Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Snow in a Semi-Arid Headwater Catchment of Northern Mongolia. Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9010053"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.01.001","article-title":"Retrieval of subpixel snow covered area, grain size, and albedo from MODIS","volume":"113","author":"Painter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.06.005","article-title":"Estimation of snow depth from passive microwave brightness temperature data in forest regions of northeast China","volume":"183","author":"Che","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.04.019","article-title":"Observations and statistical analysis of combined active-passive microwave space-borne data and snow depth at large spatial scales","volume":"111","author":"Tedesco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.09.012","article-title":"Quantifying the uncertainty in passive microwave snow water equivalent observations","volume":"94","author":"Foster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.05.017","article-title":"Detection of pan-Arctic terrestrial snowmelt from QuikSCAT, 2000-2005","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-10-2589-2016","article-title":"Frequency and distribution of winter melt events from passive microwave satellite data in the pan-Arctic, 1988\u20132013","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, C.G., Kirchner, P., Kimball, J.S., Kim, Y., and Du, J. (2018). Rain-on-snow events in Alaska, and their frequency and distribution from satellite observations. Environ. Res. Lett., 13.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aac9d3"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500213342","article-title":"Wavelet-transform based edge detection approach to derivation of snowmelt onset, end and duration from satellite passive microwave measurements","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-905-2013","article-title":"Recent changes in spring snowmelt timing in the Yukon River basin detected by passive microwave satellite data","volume":"7","author":"Semmens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2307\/1551517","article-title":"The significance of the date of snow disappearance on the arctic tundra as a possible indicator of climate change","volume":"21","author":"Foster","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arct. Alp. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.03.029","article-title":"The accuracy of snow melt-off day derived from optical and microwave radiometer data\u2014A study for Europe","volume":"211","author":"Pulliainen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.02.028","article-title":"Landsat-based snow persistence map for northwest Alaska","volume":"163","author":"Macander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.876029","article-title":"Development of the aqua MODIS NDSI fractional snow cover algorithm and validation results","volume":"44","author":"Salomonson","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2012.03.002","article-title":"Assessment of methods for mapping snow cover from MODIS","volume":"51","author":"Rittger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.08.013","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment Observed and modelled effects of ice lens formation on passive microwave brightness temperatures over snow covered tundra","volume":"114","author":"Rees","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-9-133-2017","article-title":"An extended global Earth system data record on daily landscape freeze \u2013 thaw status determined from satellite passive microwave remote sensing","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earch Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.02.014","article-title":"Satellite detection of increasing Northern Hemisphere non-frozen seasons from 1979 to 2008: Implications for regional vegetation growth","volume":"121","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3189\/172756402781817761","article-title":"Determination of melt-onset and refreeze timing on southeast Alaskan icefields using SSM\/I diurnal amplitude variations","volume":"34","author":"Ramage","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028466","article-title":"Snowmelt detection over the Greenland ice sheet from SSM\/I brightness temperature daily variations","volume":"34","author":"Tedesco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2018442","article-title":"Detection of snowmelt using spaceborne microwave radiometer data in Eurasia from 1979 to 2007","volume":"47","author":"Takala","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biv027","article-title":"Icefield-to-ocean linkages across the northern pacific coastal temperate rainforest ecosystem","volume":"65","author":"Hood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-11-0168.1","article-title":"Climate divisions for Alaska based on objective methods","volume":"51","author":"Bieniek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodzik, M.J., Long, D.G., Hardman, M.A., Paget, A., and Armstrong, R. (2018). MEaSUREs Calibrated Enhanced-Resolution Passive Microwave Daily EASE-Grid 2.0 Brightness Temperature ESDR, Version 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111793"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodzik, M., Long, D., and Hardman, M. (2018). Best Practices in Crafting the Calibrated, Enhanced-Resolution Passive-Microwave EASE-Grid 2.0 Brightness Temperature Earth System Data Record. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111793"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169508954473","article-title":"Comparison of brightness temperatures from SSMI instruments on the DMSP F8 and F11 satellites for Antarctica and the Greenland ice sheet","volume":"16","author":"Abdalati","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50098","article-title":"Recent changes in pan-Arctic melt onset from satellite passive microwave measurements","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Ferraro, R.R., Kusselson, S., and Colton, M. (1999). An introduction to passive microwave remote sensing and its applidcations to meteorological analysis and forecasting. Natl. Weather Dig., 11\u201323."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3189\/S0260305500200736","article-title":"Nimbus- 7 smmr derived global snow cover parameters","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2882136","article-title":"Scatterometer Backscatter Imaging Using Backus\u2013Gilbert Inversion","volume":"57","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10828","article-title":"Development of a rain-on-snow detection algorithm using passive microwave radiometry","volume":"30","author":"Dolant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00095-0","article-title":"MODIS snow-cover products","volume":"83","author":"Hall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6720","article-title":"Enhancements to, and forthcoming developments in the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS)","volume":"21","author":"Helfrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"National Ice Center (2008). IMS Daily Northern Hemisphere Snow and Ice Analysis at 1 km, 4 km, and 24 km Resolutions, Version 1."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-2983-2018","article-title":"Assessing snow extent data sets over North America to inform and improve trace gas retrievals from solar backscatter","volume":"11","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-9-791-2017","article-title":"A global satellite environmental data record derived from AMSR-E and AMSR2 microwave Earth observations","volume":"9","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Kimball, J.S., Xu, X., Dunbar, R.S., Colliander, A., and Derksen, C. (2019). Global assessment of the SMAP freeze\/thaw data record and regional applications for detecting spring onset and frost events. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111317"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.07.029","article-title":"Implementation of satellite based fractional water cover indices in the pan-Arctic region using AMSR-E and MODIS","volume":"184","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, J., Kimball, J.S., Reichle, R.H., Jones, L.A., Watts, J.D., and Kim, Y. (2018). Global Satellite Retrievals of the Near-Surface Atmospheric Vapor Pressure Deficit from AMSR-E. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081175"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramachandran, B., Justice, C.O., and Abrams, M.J. (2011). MODIS Vegetative Cover Conversion and Vegetation Continuous Fields BT\u2014Land Remote Sensing and Global Environmental Change: NASA\u2019s Earth Observing System and the Science of ASTER and MODIS. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6749-7"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1968.10480934","article-title":"Estimates of the Regression Coefficient Based on Kendall\u2019s Tau","volume":"63","author":"Sen","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Kendall, M.G. (1948). Rank Correlation Methods, Griffin."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2005). State of the Climate: National Climate Report for Spring (MAM)."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0473.1","article-title":"The exceptionally warm winter of 2015\/16 in Alaska","volume":"30","author":"Walsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000286","article-title":"Earlier spring snowmelt in northern Alaska as an indicator of climate change","volume":"107","author":"Stone","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. D Atmos."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2002)003<0646:WPPIAA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Winter precipitation patterns in arctic Alaska determined from a blowing-snow model and snow-depth observations","volume":"3","author":"Liston","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi1010032","article-title":"EASE-Grid 2.0: Incremental but Significant Improvements for Earth-Gridded Data Sets","volume":"1","author":"Brodzik","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, C.G., Kimball, J.S., Munkhjargal, M., Robinson, N.P., Tijdeman, E., Menzel, L., and Kirchner, P.B. (2019). Role of Surface Melt and Icing Events in Livestock Mortality across Mongolia\u2019s Semi-Arid Landscape. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202392"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.07.025","article-title":"High Arctic wetlands: Their occurrence, hydrological characteristics and Sustainability","volume":"320","author":"Woo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-703-2012","article-title":"Detection of open water dynamics with ENVISAT ASAR in support of land surface modelling at high latitudes","volume":"9","author":"Bartsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.09.003","article-title":"Satellite Microwave remote sensing of contrasting surface water inundation changes within the Arctic-Boreal Region","volume":"127","author":"Watts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"68","article-title":"Appearing and disappearing lakes in the Arctic and their impacts on biodiversity","volume":"2010","author":"Prowse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arct. Biodivers. Trends"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90086-L","article-title":"Passive microwave remote and in situ measurements of artic and subarctic snow covers in Alaska","volume":"38","author":"Hall","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedesco, M., and Jeyaratnam, J. (2016). A new operational snow retrieval algorithm applied to historical AMSR-E brightness temperatures. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8121037"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1038\/35016154","article-title":"Constraints to growth of boreal forests","volume":"405","author":"Jarvis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6715","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of the MODIS snow products","volume":"21","author":"Hall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"531","article-title":"Topographic Normalization in Rugged Terrain","volume":"57","author":"Colby","year":"1991","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5674","article-title":"Global snow zone maps and trends in snow persistence 2001-2016","volume":"38","author":"Hammond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s40641-016-0036-8","article-title":"Trends and Extremes in Northern Hemisphere Snow Characteristics","volume":"2","author":"Kunkel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Clim. Chang. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2234","article-title":"Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather","volume":"7","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2355","article-title":"Contribution of natural decadal variability to global warming acceleration and hiatus","volume":"4","author":"Watanabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/2013EF000165","article-title":"An apparent hiatus in global warming?","volume":"1","author":"Trenberth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/1\/153\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:42:07Z","timestamp":1760362927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/1\/153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12010153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12010153","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]}}}