{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T21:59:16Z","timestamp":1775858356695,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA20100101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA20100101"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671335"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006132","name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-KF-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-KF-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water use efficiency (WUE) measures the tradeoff between carbon uptake and water consumption in terrestrial ecosystems. It remains unclear how the responses of WUE to drought vary with drought severity. We assessed the spatio-temporal variations of ecosystem WUE and its responses to drought for terrestrial ecosystems in Southwest China over the period 2000\u20132017. The annual WUE values varied with vegetation type in the region: Forests (3.25 gC kg\u22121H2O) &gt; shrublands (2.00 gC kg\u22121H2O) &gt; croplands (1.76 gC kg\u22121H2O) &gt; grasslands (1.04 gC kg\u22121H2O). During the period 2000\u20132017, frequent droughts occurred in Southwest China, and overall, drought had an enhancement effect on WUE. However, the effects of drought on WUE varied with vegetation type and drought severity. Croplands were the most sensitive to drought, and slight water deficiency led to the decline of cropland WUE. Over grasslands, mild drought increased its WUE while moderate and severe drought reduced its WUE. For forests and shrublands, mild and moderate drought increased their WUE, and only severe drought reduce their WUE, indicating that these ecosystems had stronger resistance to drought. Assessing the patterns and trends of ecosystem WUE and its responses to drought are essential for understanding plant water use strategy and informing ecosystem water management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T10:34:46Z","timestamp":1578306886000},"page":"199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Responses of Water Use Efficiency to Drought in Southwest China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jingxue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Tongren","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0622-6903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingfeng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA"}]},{"given":"Shaomin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1288-8428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kebiao","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Lisheng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3803-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunjun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Xinlei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Huaize","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-10-05034.1","article-title":"Water-use efficiency of the terrestrial biosphere: A model analysis focusing on interactions between the global carbon and water cycles","volume":"13","author":"Ito","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguilos, M., Stahl, C., Burban, B., Herault, B., Courtois, E.A., Coste, S., Wagner, F., Ziegler, C., Takagi, K., and Bonal, D. (2019). Interannual and seasonal variations in ecosystem transpiration and water use efficiency in a tropical rainforest. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10010014"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"95","article-title":"Evaluation on irrigation efficiency of irrigation district in arid region based on evapotranspiration estimated from remote sensing data","volume":"29","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12291","article-title":"Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise","volume":"499","author":"Keenan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16909","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1905912116","article-title":"Disentangling the role of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance on rising forest water-use efficiency","volume":"116","author":"Guerrieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2015.03.003","article-title":"Spatial variability of water use efficiency in China\u2019s terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"129","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8283","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL079093","article-title":"Forest-type-dependent water use efficiency trends across the northern hemisphere","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13799","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13799","article-title":"Water use efficiency of China\u2019s terrestrial ecosystems and responses to drought","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, L.M., Sun, F.B., Liu, W.B., Zhang, Y.G., Wang, H., Cui, H.J., Wang, H.Q., Zhang, J., and Du, B.X. (2019). Response of ecosystem water use efficiency to drought over China during 1982\u20132015: Spatiotemporal variability and resilience. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10070598"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23284","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23284","article-title":"Contrasting responses of water use efficiency to drought across global terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23021","article-title":"Global patterns of drought recovery","volume":"7666","author":"Schwalm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2067","article-title":"Global warming and changes in drought","volume":"4","author":"Trenberth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-018-3433-6","article-title":"Understanding the impact of droughts in the Yarmouk Basin, Jordan: Monitoring droughts through meteorological and hydrological drought indices","volume":"11","author":"Mohammad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01591","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1591","article-title":"Drought events and their effects on vegetation productivity in China","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1422385112","article-title":"Anthropogenic warming has increased drought risk in california","volume":"112","author":"Diffenbaugh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03972","article-title":"Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003","volume":"437","author":"Ciais","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2006.12.005","article-title":"Effects of past and current disturbance on carbon cycling in grassland mesocosms","volume":"121","author":"Klumpp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.13417","article-title":"Revisiting hydrological drought propagation and recovery considering water quantity and quality","volume":"33","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690120424","article-title":"The evaporation of drops of pure liquids at elevated temperatures: Rates of evaporation and wet-bulb temperatures","volume":"12","author":"Downingm","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JG003437","article-title":"Measuring and modeling the impact of a severe drought on terrestrial ecosystem CO2 and water fluxes in a subtropical forest","volume":"121","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JG004873","article-title":"Atmospheric water demand dominates daily variations in water use efficiency in alpine meadows, northeastern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"124","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2010.10.179","article-title":"The impact of sustained drought on vegetation ecosystem in Southwest China based on remote sensing","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polgeo.2014.10.004","article-title":"Climate change and conflict: Making sense of disparate findings","volume":"43","author":"Salehyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polit. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-014-1266-1","article-title":"One effect to rule them all? A comment on climate and conflict","volume":"127","author":"Buhaug","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"124","article-title":"Discrimination of drought occurrence for rainfed spring wheat in semi-arid area based on pattern recognition","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.084","article-title":"A global examination of the response of ecosystem water-use efficiency to drought based on MODIS data","volume":"601","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.01.036","article-title":"The impact of the 2009\/2010 drought on vegetation growth and terrestrial carbon balance in Southwest China","volume":"269","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1071\/BT02103","article-title":"Effects of soil water availability on water use efficiency of Eucalyptus cloeziana and Eucalyptus argophloia plants","volume":"51","author":"Ngugi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1170","article-title":"Differential responses to simulated precipitation exhibited by a typical shrub and a herb coexisted in hunshandak sandy land","volume":"46","author":"Niu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Sin."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2004)017<2335:ASPDSI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A self-calibrating palmer drought severity index","volume":"17","author":"Wells","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2004)054[0547:ACSMOG]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A continuous satellite-derived measure of global terrestrial primary production","volume":"54","author":"Running","year":"2004","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.12.011","article-title":"Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set","volume":"95","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.04.015","article-title":"Development of a global evapotranspiration algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data","volume":"111","author":"Mu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.019","article-title":"Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm","volume":"115","author":"Mu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, J.B., Mishra, D., Cotten, D.L., Oconnell, J.J., Leclerc, M.Y., Nahrawi, H., Zhang, G.S., and Pahari, R. (2018). A comparison between the MODIS product (MOD17A2) and a tide-robust empirical GPP model evaluated in a georgia wetland. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111831"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.017","article-title":"Evaluation of MODIS NPP and GPP products across multiple biomes","volume":"102","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES14-00416.1","article-title":"Global patterns, trends, and drivers of water use efficiency from 2000 to 2013","volume":"6","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/3\/035001","article-title":"A few extreme events dominate global interannual variability in gross primary production","volume":"9","author":"Zscheischler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5880","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519620113","article-title":"Warm spring reduced carbon cycle impact of the 2012 US summer drought","volume":"113","author":"Wolf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Mu, Q., Zhao, M., and Running, S.W. (2013). MODIS Global Terrestrial Evapotranspiration (ET) Product (NASA MOD16A2\/A3), Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, University of Montana. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, Collection. 5."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.013","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation of two MODIS evapotranspiration products over the conterminous United States: Using point and gridded FLUXNET and water balance ET","volume":"139","author":"Velpuri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-012-0006-1","article-title":"Validation of MODIS 16 global terrestrial evapotranspiration products in various climates and land cover types in Asia","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Palmer, W.C. (1965). Meteorological Drought."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"161","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variations analysis of meteorological drought in China based on scPDSI","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2006.04.008","article-title":"Effects of irrigation on water balance, yield and WUE of winter wheat in the North China Plain","volume":"85","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/30.1-2.81","article-title":"A new measure of rank correlation","volume":"30","author":"Kendall","year":"1938","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2307\/1907187","article-title":"Nonparametric tests against trend","volume":"13","author":"Mann","year":"1945","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(01)00594-7","article-title":"Power of the ann-Kendall and Spearman\u2019s rho tests for detecting monotonic trends in hydrological series","volume":"259","author":"Yue","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(97)00125-X","article-title":"A modified Mann-Kendall trend test for autocorrelated data","volume":"204","author":"Hamed","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11836","article-title":"Ecosystem resilience despite large-scale altered hydroclimatic conditions","volume":"494","author":"Moran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05401","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL042154","article-title":"Amazon forests did not green-up during the 2005 drought","volume":"37","author":"Samanta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.03.049","article-title":"Drought-induced dynamics of carbon and water use efficiency of global grasslands from 2000 to 2011","volume":"67","author":"Gang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"240","article-title":"Background analysis of chromosome controling genetic of water use efficiency of Triticum","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Cen. Sin."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"972","article-title":"The study of stable carbon isotope composition in desert plants of Junggar Basin","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Desert Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"71","article-title":"Impact of the continuous drought on the depth of dry soil layer and on the existence of plants","volume":"19","author":"Feng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arid Zone Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpv146","article-title":"Role of leaf hydraulic conductance in the regulation of stomatal conductance in almond and olive in response to water stress","volume":"36","author":"Hernandezsantana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.17521\/cjpe2016.0142","article-title":"Spatio-temporal characteristics of evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in grasslands of Xinjiang","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"4481","article-title":"Characterisation of ecosystem water-use efficiency of European forests from eddy-covariance measurements","volume":"5","author":"Kuglitsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"BGD"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.11.023","article-title":"Mapping regional turbulent heat fluxes via variational assimilation of land surface temperature data from polar orbiting satellites","volume":"221","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8674","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028447","article-title":"Evaluating different machine learning methods for upscaling evapotranspiration from flux towers to the regional scale","volume":"123","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.124105","article-title":"Evaluation of twelve evapotranspiration products from machine learning, remote sensing and land surface models over conterminous United States","volume":"578","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"12","article-title":"Effects of drought on ecosystem carbon and water processes: A review at different scales","volume":"25","author":"Qi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045706","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/4\/045706","article-title":"The 2010 spring drought reduced primary productivity in southwestern China","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1071\/FP02076","article-title":"Understanding plant responses to drought\u2014From genes to the whole plant","volume":"30","author":"Chaves","year":"2003","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02237.x","article-title":"Water-mediated responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to climatic change in a temperate steppe","volume":"177","author":"Niu","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadi, B., Ahmadalipour, A., Tootle, G.A., and Moradkhani, H. (2019). Remote sensing of water use efficiency and terrestrial drought rcovery across the contiguous United States. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060731"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.11.025","article-title":"AVHRR derived phenological change in the Sahel and Soudan, Africa, 1982\u20132005","volume":"108","author":"Heumann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12873","article-title":"Change in terrestrial ecosystem water-use efficiency over the last three decades","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"145","article-title":"Response of water use efficiency of Central Asia ecosystem to drought based on remote sensing data","volume":"34","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-010-9368-8","article-title":"Drought-induced multifactor decline of scots pine in the pyrenees and potential vegetation change by the expansion of co-occurring oak species","volume":"13","author":"Galiano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"White, A.B., Springer, E.P., and Vivoni, E.R. (2008, January 15\u201319). The transformation of a semiarid ecosystem due to severe drought and how it has influenced the hydrologic cycle across varying scales. Proceedings of the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9825","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL066835","article-title":"An analytical model for relating global terrestrial carbon assimilation with climate and surface conditions using a rate limitation framework","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/1\/199\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:03:42Z","timestamp":1760364222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/1\/199"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12010199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12010199","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]]}}}