{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:08:17Z","timestamp":1772723297224,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA2006010301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA2006010301"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91737101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91737101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91744311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91744311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although some studies reported the impact of black carbon (BC) on the climate over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the contribution and mechanisms of BC affecting the water vapor transport to Tibet are not fully understood yet. Here, utilizing the satellite observations and reanalysis data, the effects of BC on the climate over the TP and water vapor transport to the Tibet were investigated by the Community Earth System Model (CESM 2.1.0). Due to the addition of BC, a positive net heat forcing (average is 0.39 W\/m2) is exerted at the surface, which induces a pronounced warming effect over the TP and consequently intensifies the East Asian Summer monsoon (EASM). However, significant cooling effects in northern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran are induced due to the BC and related feedbacks, which reduces significantly the meridional land\u2013sea thermal contrast and finally weakens the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM). Consequently, the water vapor transport to the south border is decreased due to addition of BC. Moreover, through affecting the atmospheric circulation, the BC could induce an increase in the imported water vapor from the west and east borders of the TP, and an increase outflowing away from the north border of the TP. Overall, due to the BC, the annual mean net importing water vapor over TP is around 271 Gt, which could enhance the precipitation over the TP. The results show that the mean increase in the precipitation over TP is about 0.56 mm\/day.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12020231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T04:06:51Z","timestamp":1578629211000},"page":"231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Role and Mechanisms of Black Carbon Affecting Water Vapor Transport to Tibet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingzhe","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khan","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D16202","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004676","article-title":"Climate sensitivity to black carbon aerosol from fossil fuel combustion","volume":"109","author":"Roberts","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-008-0302-y","article-title":"Simulation of direct effects of black carbon aerosol on temperature and hydrological cycle in Asia by a Regional Climate Model","volume":"100","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/519167a","article-title":"Black carbon and atmospheric feedbacks","volume":"519","author":"Booth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.01.055","article-title":"Characterization of black carbon in an urban-rural fringe area of Beijing","volume":"223","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027326","article-title":"Rapid Adjustments Cause Weak Surface Temperature Response to Increased Black Carbon Concentrations","volume":"122","author":"Stjern","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500656102","article-title":"Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle","volume":"102","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-014-4045-z","article-title":"A review of aerosol optical properties and radiative effects","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Meteor. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.12.004","article-title":"Light absorption enhancement of black carbon from urban haze in Northern China winter","volume":"221","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12581","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-12581-2015","article-title":"Modeling study on the transport of summer dust and anthropogenic aerosols over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.04.052","article-title":"Distribution, source and transport of the aerosols over Central Asia","volume":"210","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-019-8212-0","article-title":"Anthropogenic Aerosol Pollution over the Eastern Slope of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"36","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2012.05.015","article-title":"An overview of black carbon deposition in High Asia glaciers and its impacts on radiation balance","volume":"55","author":"Ming","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Water Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23883","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-11455-2011","article-title":"Aerosol optical properties determined from sky-radiometer over Loess Plateau of Northwest China","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-018-8060-3","article-title":"Estimation of the aerosol radiative effect over the Tibetan Plateau based on the latest CALIPSO product","volume":"32","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7806","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062191","article-title":"Black carbon radiative forcing over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D11202","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD008003","article-title":"Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow","volume":"112","author":"Flanner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22114","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910444106","article-title":"Black soot and the survival of Tibetan glaciers","volume":"106","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-1685-2015","article-title":"Black carbon in snow in the upper Himalayan Khumbu Valley, Nepal: Observations and modeling of the impact on snow albedo, melting, and radiative forcing","volume":"9","author":"Jacobi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11507","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-11507-2018","article-title":"Black carbon-induced snow albedo reduction over the Tibetan Plateau: Uncertainties from snow grain shape and aerosol\u2013snow mixing state based on an updated SNICAR model","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4950","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5709","article-title":"Role of Clouds in Accelerating Cold-Season Warming During 2000-2015 over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"38","author":"Hua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9594","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD030463","article-title":"Effect of aerosols on the ice cloud properties over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.04.001","article-title":"Impact of dust-polluted convective clouds over the Tibetan Plateau on downstream precipitation","volume":"209","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Li, Y., Huang, J., Wang, S., and Zhu, Q. (2019). Attribution of Tibetan Plateau to the northern drought. Natl. Sci. Rev., nwz191.","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwz191"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Luo, R., Zhu, Q., Hua, S., and Wang, B. (2019). Cloud Ability to Produce Precipitation over Arid and Semiarid Regions of Central and East Asia. Int. J. Climatol., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6304"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-017-9202-1","article-title":"An overview of the influence of atmospheric circulation on the climate in arid and semi-arid region of Central and East Asia","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-1929-2011","article-title":"Sensitivity studies on the impacts of Tibetan Plateau snowpack pollution on the Asian hydrological cycle and monsoon climate","volume":"11","author":"Qian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-006-0114-z","article-title":"Asian summer monsoon anomalies induced by aerosol direct forcing: The role of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"26","author":"Lau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL043255","article-title":"Fingerprinting the impacts of aerosols on long-term trends of the Indian summer monsoon regional rainfal","volume":"37","author":"Lau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8712","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023346","article-title":"Indian monsoon and the elevated-heat-pump mechanism in a coupled aerosol-climate model","volume":"120","author":"Cagnazzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3820.1","article-title":"Weakening of North Indian SST gradients and the monsoon rainfall in India and the Sahel","volume":"19","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1777.1","article-title":"Effects of black carbon aerosols on the Indian monsoon","volume":"21","author":"Meehl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-015-5198-z","article-title":"Advances in studying interactions between aerosols and monsoon in China","volume":"59","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Chin. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-008-0482-7","article-title":"Responses of EASM to historical SST and atmospheric forcing during 1950\u20132000","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-019-04863-5","article-title":"The direct effects of black carbon aerosols from different source sectors in East Asia in summer","volume":"53","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403519","article-title":"Relations of Water Vapor Transport from Indian Monsoon with That over East Asia and the Summer Rainfall in China","volume":"18","author":"Renhe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D8","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005413","article-title":"Atmospheric water vapor transport associated with typical anomalous summer rainfall patterns in China","volume":"110","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.03.015","article-title":"Atmospheric moisture transport versus precipitation across the Tibetan Plateau: A mini-review and current challenges","volume":"209","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027296","article-title":"Indian Monsoon Low-Pressure Systems Feed Up-and-Over Moisture Transport to the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"122","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-016-5123-1","article-title":"Water vapor transport around the Tibetan Plateau and its effect on summer rainfall over the Yangtze River valley","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.13541","article-title":"Stable isotopes of atmospheric water vapour and precipitation in the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., and Zhou, T. (2019). Asian water tower evinced in total column water vapor: A comparison among multiple satellite and reanalysis data sets. Clim. Dyn., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-019-04999-4"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-18-0364.1","article-title":"The Interdecadal Change of Summer Water Vapor over the Tibetan Plateau and Associated Mechanisms","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2837","article-title":"Accelerated dryland expansion under climate change","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/2016RG000550","article-title":"Dryland climate change Recent progress and challenges","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev.Geophys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.801142","article-title":"Regional aerosol retrieval results from MISR","volume":"40","author":"Martonchik","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1109\/36.700992","article-title":"Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument description and experiment overview","volume":"36","author":"Diner","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0853:CATERE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES): An Earth Observing System Experiment","volume":"77","author":"Wielicki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3669","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1302111","article-title":"Assessment of surface solar irradiance retrieved by CERES","volume":"38","author":"Almorox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-012-9179-x","article-title":"Uncertainty estimate of surface irradiances computed with MODIS-, CALIPSO-, and CloudSat-derived cloud and aerosol properties","volume":"33","author":"Kato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.828","article-title":"The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system","volume":"137","author":"Dee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-014-1107-1","article-title":"Comparison of surface air temperature derived from NCEP\/DOE R2, ERA-Interim, and observations in the arid northwestern China: A consideration of altitude errors","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-014-2310-6","article-title":"Comparison of multiple datasets with gridded precipitation observations over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"45","author":"You","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-17-837-2013","article-title":"Evaluation of high-resolution satellite precipitation products using rain gauge observations over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"17","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1147","article-title":"The Version-2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Precipitation Analysis (1979\u2013Present)","volume":"4","author":"Adler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0609.1","article-title":"The MERRA-2 aerosol reanalysis, 1980 onward. Part I: System description and data assimilation evaluation","volume":"30","author":"Randles","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0758.1","article-title":"The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2)","volume":"30","author":"Gelaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-009-8132-5","article-title":"Comparisons of Soil Moisture Datasets over the Tibetan Plateau and Application to the Simulation of Asia Summer Monsoon Onset","volume":"27","author":"Bao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-83-11-1631","article-title":"NCEP-DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2)","volume":"83","author":"Kanamitsu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The NCEP\/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project","volume":"77","author":"Kalnay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7017","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-7017-2010","article-title":"Historical (1850\u20132000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: Methodology and application","volume":"10","author":"Lamarque","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8181(00)00057-6","article-title":"Global and regional anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8575","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0237.1","article-title":"Changes in Sea Salt Emissions Enhance ENSO Variability","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1998)011<1131:TNCFAR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: CCM3","volume":"11","author":"Kiehl","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2328","article-title":"A possible cause of decreasing summer rainfall in northeast Australia","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-5-709-2012","article-title":"Toward a minimal representation of aerosols in climate models: Description and evaluation in the Community Atmosphere Model CAM5","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00326-5","article-title":"A size-segregated particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900777","article-title":"A description of the global sulfur cycle and its controlling processes in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model, Version 3","volume":"105","author":"Rasch","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3446.1","article-title":"A new double-moment microphysics parameterization for application in cloud and climate models. part I: Description","volume":"62","author":"Morrison","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3642","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2105.1","article-title":"A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3), Part I: Description and numerical tests","volume":"21","author":"Morrison","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3422","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2556.1","article-title":"A new moist turbulence parameterization in the community atmosphere model","volume":"22","author":"Bretherton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2557.1","article-title":"The university of washington shallow convection and moist turbulence schemes and their impact on climate simulations with the community atmosphere model","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"11","article-title":"Wetting and greening Tibetan Plateau in early summer in recent decades","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4319","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-4319-2017","article-title":"Source attribution of black carbon and its direct radiative forcing in China","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027589","article-title":"Regional Responses to Black Carbon Aerosols: The Importance of Air-Sea Interaction","volume":"122","author":"Gnanadesikan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-013-0862-8","article-title":"Investigation on semi-direct and indirect climate effects of fossil fuel black carbon aerosol over China","volume":"114","author":"Zhuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.06.014","article-title":"Source sector and region contributions to concentration and direct radiative forcing of black carbon in China","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1257","article-title":"Reinvestigations on the East Asian Subtropical Monsoon and Tropical Monsoon","volume":"31","author":"He","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0842.1","article-title":"Recent changes in the moisture source of precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4074-x","article-title":"Impact of model resolution on simulating the water vapor transport through the central Himalayas: Implication for models\u2019 wet bias over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"51","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024728","article-title":"Review on climate change on the Tibetan Plateau during the last half century","volume":"121","author":"Kuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.03.016","article-title":"Climate effect of black carbon aerosol in a Tibetan Plateau glacier","volume":"111","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027282","article-title":"Modeling the Origin of Anthropogenic Black Carbon and Its Climatic Effect Over the Tibetan Plateau and Surrounding Regions","volume":"123","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7067","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-7067-2009","article-title":"Aerosol-and updraft-limited regimes of cloud droplet formation: Influence of particle number, size and hygroscopicity on the activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)","volume":"9","author":"Reutter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/2\/231\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:04:22Z","timestamp":1760364262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/2\/231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12020231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12020231","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]}}}