{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T16:39:33Z","timestamp":1772728773037,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/L015463\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/L015463\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present a new method to calculate the height of the second lapse-rate tropopause (LRT2) using GNSS high-precision data. The use of GNSS data for monitoring the atmosphere is possible because as the radio signals propagate through the troposphere, they are delayed according to the refractive index of the path of the signal. We show that by integrating the vertical profile of the refractive index in the troposphere, we are able to determine the altitude of LTR2. Furthermore, as GNSS data is available from many stations around all latitudes of the globe and make up a network with high spatial and temporal resolution, we can monitor the diurnal cycle of the variables related to the refractive index of the path of the signal. A comparison between the heights of the LRT2 obtained with radiosonde data and with this novel method is presented in the paper, and it shows good agreement. The average difference found is \u22641 km for stations between the latitudes of 30\u00b0S and 30\u00b0N.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12020293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T04:14:41Z","timestamp":1579234481000},"page":"293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Novel Approach for the Determination of the Height of the Tropopause from Ground-Based GNSS Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Mendez Astudillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Doctoral Innovation Center, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8783-9666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ting","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6169-059X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terry","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Geospatial Institute, the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Behavior of tropopause height and atmospheric temperature in models, reanalyses, an d observations: Decadal changes","volume":"108","author":"Santer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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