{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T01:16:38Z","timestamp":1780362998502,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS","award":["QYZDY-SSW-DQC014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QYZDY-SSW-DQC014"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Scientific Foundations of China","award":["91025007 and 41271424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91025007 and 41271424"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the components in the water cycle and the surface energy balance systems. It is fundamental information for agriculture, water resource management, and climate change research. This study presents a scheme for regional actual evapotranspiration estimation using multi-source satellite data to compute key land and meteorological variables characterizing land surface, soil, vegetation, and the atmospheric boundary layer. The algorithms are validated using ground observations from the Heihe River Basin of northwest China. Monthly data estimates at a resolution of 1 km from the proposed algorithms compared well with ground observation data, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.80 mm and a mean relative error (MRE) of \u22127.11%. The overall deviation between the average yearly ET derived from the proposed algorithms and ground-based water balance measurements was 9.44% for a small watershed and 1% for the entire basin. This study demonstrates that both accuracy and spatial depiction of actual evapotranspiration estimation can be significantly improved by using multi-source satellite data to measure the required land surface and meteorological variables. This reduces dependence on spatial interpolation of ground-derived meteorological variables which can be problematic, especially in data-sparse regions, and allows the production of region-wide ET datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12020332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T04:27:09Z","timestamp":1579494429000},"page":"332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Regional Actual Evapotranspiration Estimation with Land and Meteorological Variables Derived from Multi-Source Satellite Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5546-365X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingfang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3273-9806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9261-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zonghan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linjiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D15","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD008351","article-title":"A simple method to estimate actual evapotranspiration from a combination of net radiation, vegetation index, and temperature","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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