{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:41:08Z","timestamp":1775842868476,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We have established a stable regional geodetic reference frame using long-history (13.5 years on average) observations from 55 continuously operated Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The regional reference frame, designated as GOM20, is aligned in origin and scale with the International GNSS Reference Frame 2014 (IGS14). The primary product from this study is the seven-parameters for transforming the Earth-Centered-Earth-Fixed (ECEF) Cartesian coordinates from IGS14 to GOM20. The frame stability of GOM20 is approximately 0.3 mm\/year in the horizontal directions and 0.5 mm\/year in the vertical direction. The regional reference frame can be confidently used for the time window from the 1990s to 2030 without causing positional errors larger than the accuracy of 24-h static GNSS measurements. Applications of GOM20 in delineating rapid urban subsidence, coastal subsidence and faulting, and sea-level rise are demonstrated in this article. According to this study, subsidence faster than 2 cm\/year is ongoing in several major cities in central Mexico, with the most rapid subsidence reaching to 27 cm\/year in Mexico City; a large portion of the Texas and Louisiana coasts are subsiding at 3 to 6.5 mm\/year; the average sea-level-rise rate (with respect to GOM20) along the Gulf coast is 2.6 mm\/year with a 95% confidence interval of \u00b11 mm\/year during the past five decades. GOM20 provides a consistent platform to integrate ground deformational observations from different remote sensing techniques (e.g., GPS, InSAR, LiDAR, UAV-Photogrammetry) and ground surveys (e.g., tide gauge, leveling surveying) into a unified geodetic reference frame and enables multidisciplinary and cross-disciplinary research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T11:25:59Z","timestamp":1579605959000},"page":"350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["GOM20: A Stable Geodetic Reference Frame for Subsidence, Faulting, and Sea-Level Rise Studies along the Coast of the Gulf of Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3731-3839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Environmental Monitoring Institute of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruibin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology and Geomatics, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of China Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/441587a","article-title":"Space geodesy: Subsidence and flooding in New Orleans","volume":"441","author":"Dixon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L21404","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL049458","article-title":"An evaluation of subsidence rates and sea-level variability in the northern Gulf of Mexico","volume":"38","author":"Kolker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. 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