{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T20:35:17Z","timestamp":1775594117946,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We employed a global high-resolution inverse model to optimize the CH4 emission using Greenhouse gas Observing Satellite (GOSAT) and surface observation data for a period from 2011\u20132017 for the two main source categories of anthropogenic and natural emissions. We used the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR v4.3.2) for anthropogenic methane emission and scaled them by country to match the national inventories reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Wetland and soil sink prior fluxes were simulated using the Vegetation Integrative Simulator of Trace gases (VISIT) model. Biomass burning prior fluxes were provided by the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS). We estimated a global total anthropogenic and natural methane emissions of 340.9 Tg CH4 yr\u22121 and 232.5 Tg CH4 yr\u22121, respectively. Country-scale analysis of the estimated anthropogenic emissions showed that all the top-emitting countries showed differences with their respective inventories to be within the uncertainty range of the inventories, confirming that the posterior anthropogenic emissions did not deviate from nationally reported values. Large countries, such as China, Russia, and the United States, had the mean estimated emission of 45.7 \u00b1 8.6, 31.9 \u00b1 7.8, and 29.8 \u00b1 7.8 Tg CH4 yr\u22121, respectively. For natural wetland emissions, we estimated large emissions for Brazil (39.8 \u00b1 12.4 Tg CH4 yr\u22121), the United States (25.9 \u00b1 8.3 Tg CH4 yr\u22121), Russia (13.2 \u00b1 9.3 Tg CH4 yr\u22121), India (12.3 \u00b1 6.4 Tg CH4 yr\u22121), and Canada (12.2 \u00b1 5.1 Tg CH4 yr\u22121). In both emission categories, the major emitting countries all had the model corrections to emissions within the uncertainty range of inventories. The advantages of the approach used in this study were: (1) use of high-resolution transport, useful for simulations near emission hotspots, (2) prior anthropogenic emissions adjusted to the UNFCCC reports, (3) combining surface and satellite observations, which improves the estimation of both natural and anthropogenic methane emissions over spatial scale of countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T11:01:00Z","timestamp":1579863660000},"page":"375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Country-Scale Analysis of Methane Emissions with a High-Resolution Inverse Model Using GOSAT and Surface Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1579-7529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajesh","family":"Janardanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Observation Center, Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1200-9577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamil","family":"Maksyutov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Observation Center, Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9197-3005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aki","family":"Tsuruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fenjuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Observation Center, Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Climate Change, National Climate Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1176-2898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yogesh K.","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vinu","family":"Valsala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akihiko","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3515-1488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukio","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Observation Center, Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes W.","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutscher Wetterdienst, 63067 Offenbach, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greet","family":"Janssens-Maenhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4599-8287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Arshinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, SB RAS, Tomsk 634055, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Motoki","family":"Sasakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasunori","family":"Tohjima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas E. J.","family":"Worthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Dlugokencky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO 80305-3328, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1157-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Ramonet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5199-3853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jgor","family":"Arduini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Pure ed Applicate, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Urbino, piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3610-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jost V.","family":"Lavric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knoell-Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Piacentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, Laboratory for Observations and Measurements for Environment and Climate, Via Principe di Granatelli 24, 90139 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4884-3678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul B.","family":"Krummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ray L.","family":"Langenfelds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8516-3356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Mammarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research\/Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuneo","family":"Matsunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Observation Center, Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M. 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