{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:28:50Z","timestamp":1783164530429,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vegetation Fractional Cover (VFC) is an important global indicator of land cover change, land use practice and landscape, and ecosystem function. In this study, we present the Global Vegetation Fractional Cover Product (GVFCP) and explore the levels and trends in VFC across World Grassland Type (WGT) Ecoregions considering variation associated with Global Livestock Production Systems (GLPS). Long-term average levels and trends in fractional cover of photosynthetic vegetation (FPV), non-photosynthetic vegetation (FNPV), and bare soil (FBS) are mapped, and variation among GLPS types within WGT Divisions and Ecoregions is explored. Analysis also focused on the savanna-woodland WGT Formations. Many WGT Divisions showed wide variation in long-term average VFC and trends in VFC across GLPS types. Results showed large areas of many ecoregions experiencing significant positive and negative trends in VFC. East Africa, Patagonia, and the Mitchell Grasslands of Australia exhibited large areas of negative trends in FNPV and positive trends FBS. These trends may reflect interactions between extended drought, heavy livestock utilization, expanded agriculture, and other land use changes. Compared to previous studies, explicit measurement of FNPV revealed interesting additional information about vegetation cover and trends in many ecoregions. The Australian and Global products are available via the GEOGLAM RAPP (Group on Earth Observations Global Agricultural Monitoring Rangeland and Pasture Productivity) website, and the scientific community is encouraged to utilize the data and contribute to improved validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T09:37:09Z","timestamp":1580204229000},"page":"406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["The MODIS Global Vegetation Fractional Cover Product 2001\u20132018: Characteristics of Vegetation Fractional Cover in Grasslands and Savanna Woodlands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4570-7467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Earth System Science and Policy, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan P.","family":"Guerschman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03284.x","article-title":"Remote sensing of plant functional types","volume":"186","author":"Ustin","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.06.005","article-title":"Multi-sensor derivation of regional vegetation fractional cover in Africa","volume":"124","author":"Guan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.01.006","article-title":"Estimating fractional cover of photosynthetic vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation and bare soil in the Australian tropical savanna region upscaling the EO-1 Hyperion and MODIS sensors","volume":"113","author":"Guerschman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.01.021","article-title":"Assessing the effects of site heterogeneity and soil properties when unmixing photosynthetic vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation and bare soil fractions from Landsat and MODIS data","volume":"161","author":"Guerschman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2018.1465611","article-title":"Calibration and validation of the Australian fractional cover product for MODIS collection 6","volume":"9","author":"Guerschman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"74","article-title":"Australian ground cover reference sites database 2014: User guide for PostGIS","volume":"119","author":"Rickards","year":"2014","journal-title":"Victoria"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00082-6","article-title":"Plant litter and soil reflectance","volume":"71","author":"Nagler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.06.001","article-title":"Cellulose absorption index (CAI) to quantify mixed soil-plant litter scenes","volume":"87","author":"Nagler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2001.931125x","article-title":"Discriminating crop residues from soil by shortwave infrared reflectance","volume":"93","author":"Daughtry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2003.0291","article-title":"Remote sensing the spatial distribution of crop residues","volume":"97","author":"Daughtry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2005.11.013","article-title":"Remote sensing of crop residue cover and soil tillage intensity","volume":"91","author":"Daughtry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Guerschman, J.P., Held, A.A., Donohue, R.J., Renzullo, L.J., Sims, N., Kerblat, F., and Grundy, M. (2015). The GEOGLAM Rangelands and Pasture Productivity Activity: Recent Progress and Future Directions. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Available online: http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2015AGUFM.B43A0531G."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Guerschman, J.P., Leys, J., Rozas Larraondo, P., Henrikson, M., Paget, M., and Barson, M. (2018). Monitoring Groundcover: An Online Tool for Australian Regions, CSIRO. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerschman, J.P., Hill, M.J., Leys, J., and Heidenreich, S. (2020). Vegetation cover dependence on accumulated antecedent precipitation in Australia: Relationships with photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic vegetation fractions. Remote Sens. Environ., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111670"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244693","article-title":"High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change","volume":"342","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29987","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29987","article-title":"Global Tree Cover and Biomass Carbon on Agricultural Land: The contribution of agroforestry to global and national carbon budgets","volume":"6","author":"Zomer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax0848","article-title":"The global tree restoration potential","volume":"365","author":"Bastin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2019.03.010","article-title":"Insights on the historical and emerging global land cover changes: The case of ESA-CCI-LC datasets","volume":"106","author":"Mousivand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0411-9","article-title":"Global land change from 1982 to 2016","volume":"560","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0220-7","article-title":"China and India lead in greening of the world through land-use management","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.871215","article-title":"MODIS leaf area index products: from validation to algorithm improvement","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.11.021","article-title":"Comparison of methods for estimation of absolute vegetation and soil fractional cover using MODIS normalized BRDF-adjusted reflectance data","volume":"130","author":"Okin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.03.022","article-title":"Global bare ground gain from 2000 to 2012 using Landsat imagery","volume":"194","author":"Ying","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1175\/1087-3562(2003)007<0001:GPTCAA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Global percent tree cover at a spatial resolution of 500 meters: First results of the MODIS vegetation continuous fields algorithm","volume":"7","author":"Hansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earth Interact."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.786146","article-title":"Global, 30-m resolution continuous fields of tree cover: Landsat-based rescaling of MODIS vegetation continuous fields with lidar-based estimates of error","volume":"6","author":"Sexton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.12.009","article-title":"Comparison of four global FAPAR datasets over Northern Eurasia for the year 2000","volume":"114","author":"McCallum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.037","article-title":"Evaluation of six satellite-derived Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetic Active Radiation (FAPAR) products across the Australian continent","volume":"140","author":"Canadell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00074-3","article-title":"Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data","volume":"83","author":"Myneni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.06.013","article-title":"Theoretical uncertainty analysis of global MODIS, CYCLOPES, and GLOBCARBON LAI products using a triple collocation method","volume":"124","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020927","article-title":"Global data sets of vegetation leaf area index (LAI) 3g and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) 3g derived from global inventory modeling and mapping studies (GIMMS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI3g) for the period 1981 to 2011","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2007.00325.x","article-title":"A continental-scale analysis of tree cover in African savannas","volume":"16","author":"Bucini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.003","article-title":"Characterizing vegetation cover in global savannas with an annual foliage clumping index derived from the MODIS BRDF product","volume":"115","author":"Hill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/1747423X.2015.1071439","article-title":"Changes in vegetation persistence across global savanna landscapes, 1982\u20132010","volume":"11","author":"Southworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Land Use Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1210465","article-title":"The Global Extent and Determinants of Savanna and Forest as Alternative Biome States","volume":"334","author":"Staver","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12122","article-title":"Analysis of stable states in global savannas: is the CART pulling the horse?","volume":"23","author":"Hanan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12285","article-title":"Analysis of stable states in global savannas: is the CART pulling the horse? - a comment","volume":"24","author":"Staver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12321","article-title":"Analysis of stable states in global savannas - a response to Staver and Hansen","volume":"24","author":"Hanan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth","volume":"51","author":"Olson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12381","article-title":"Distribution mapping of world grassland types","volume":"41","author":"Dixon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Robinson, T.P., Thornton, P.K., Franceschini, G., Kruska, R.L., Chiozza, F., Notenbaert, A., Cecchi, G., Herrero, M., Epprecht, M., and Fritz, S. (2011). Global livestock production systems, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/i2414e\/i2414e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Schaaf, C.B., and Wang, Z. (2015). MCD43A4 MODIS\/Terra+Aqua BRDF\/Albedo Nadir BRDF Adjusted Reflectance Daily L3 Global - 500m V006. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6481","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126481","article-title":"Seasonal Composite Landsat TM\/ETM+ Images Using the Medoid (a Multi-Dimensional Median)","volume":"5","author":"Flood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1890\/13-2334.1","article-title":"EcoVeg: a new approach to vegetation description and classification","volume":"84","author":"Meidinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2307\/1907187","article-title":"Nonparametric Tests Against Trend","volume":"13","author":"Mann","year":"1945","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Kendall, M.G. (2020, January 26). Rank correlation methods, Available online: https:\/\/trove.nla.gov.au\/version\/264239415."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Meals, D.W., Spooner, J., Dressing, S.A., and Harcum, J.B. (2020, January 25). Statistical Analysis for Monotonic Trends, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/production\/files\/2016-05\/documents\/tech_notes_6_dec2013_trend.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2694","article-title":"Aridity and overgrazing have convergent effects on ecosystem structure and functioning in Patagonian rangelands","volume":"29","author":"Bran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2018.01.004","article-title":"Drivers of agricultural land-use change in the Argentine Pampas and Chaco regions","volume":"91","author":"Butsic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/1747423X.2013.841297","article-title":"Recent land-use\/land-cover change in the Central California Valley","volume":"10","author":"Soulard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Land Use Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"0122721","article-title":"Predicting Plant Diversity Patterns in Madagascar: Understanding the Effects of Climate and Land Cover Change in a Biodiversity Hotspot","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2018.04.008","article-title":"Combining global tree cover loss data with historical national forest cover maps to look at six decades of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar","volume":"222","author":"Vieilledent","year":"2018","journal-title":"Boil. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-015-0778-1","article-title":"Environmental change in the Sahel: reconciling contrasting evidence and interpretations","volume":"16","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13299","article-title":"Land-use change outweighs projected effects of changing rainfall on tree cover in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"22","author":"Aleman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Boil."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anchang, J.Y., Prihodko, L., Kaptu\u00e9, A.T., Ross, C.W., Ji, W., Kumar, S.S., Lind, B., Sarr, M.A., Diouf, A.A., and Hanan, N.P. (2019). Trends in Woody and Herbaceous Vegetation in the Savannas of West Africa. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050576"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.02.011","article-title":"Dynamics of wind erosion and impact of vegetation cover and land use in the Sahel: A case study on sandy dunes in southeastern Niger","volume":"177","author":"Tidjani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0112-x","article-title":"Agroforestry in the Sahel","volume":"11","author":"Hanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0092-x","article-title":"Reduction of tree cover in West African woodlands and promotion in semi-arid farmlands","volume":"11","author":"Brandt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esd.2014.12.008","article-title":"Rapid mapping and impact estimation of illegal charcoal production in southern Somalia based on WorldView-1 imagery","volume":"25","author":"Bolognesi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2545","article-title":"Land cover change and woodland degradation in a charcoal producing semi-arid area in Kenya","volume":"28","author":"Kiruki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2938","article-title":"Estimating sustainable biomass harvesting level for charcoal production to promote degraded woodlands recovery: A case study from Mutomo District, Kenya","volume":"29","author":"Ndegwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9768","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0140.1","article-title":"Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa","volume":"28","author":"Rowell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyon, B., and DeWitt, D.G. (2012). A recent and abrupt decline in the East African long rains. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL050337"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7953","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-13-00459.1","article-title":"Seasonal Drought in the Greater Horn of Africa and Its Recent Increase during the March\u2013May Long Rains","volume":"27","author":"Lyon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rama.2016.09.004","article-title":"Human Population Growth, African Pastoralism, and Rangelands: A Perspective","volume":"70","author":"Holechek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.35.2.2536","article-title":"Pastoralism and wildlife: historical and current perspectives in the East African rangelands of Kenya and Tanzania","volume":"35","author":"Lankester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. et Tech. de l\u2019OIE"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.02.032","article-title":"Spatio-temporal dynamics of critical ecosystem services in response to agricultural expansion in Rwanda, East Africa","volume":"89","author":"Rukundo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2017.11.005","article-title":"Impacts of land use and land cover change on surface runoff, discharge and low flows: Evidence from East Africa","volume":"15","author":"Guzha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01232.x","article-title":"Invasive grass reduces aboveground carbon stocks in shrublands of the Western US","volume":"12","author":"Bradley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Boil."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.09.002","article-title":"Can the invaded range of a species be predicted sufficiently using only native-range data? Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana) in the southwestern United States","volume":"193","author":"Schussman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2111\/REM-D-09-00151.1","article-title":"Climate Change in Western US Deserts: Potential for Increased Wildfire and Invasive Annual Grasses","volume":"64","author":"Abatzoglou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2011.08.010","article-title":"Landscape transformations in savannas of northern South America: Land use\/cover changes since 1987 in the Llanos Orientales of Colombia","volume":"32","author":"Flantua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2018.05.024","article-title":"Quantifying impacts of oil palm expansion on Colombia\u2019s threatened biodiversity","volume":"224","author":"Ghazoul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Boil. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.1898","article-title":"Expansion assessment of the sugarcane and ethanol production in the Llanos Orientales region in Colombia","volume":"12","author":"Leal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefining"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1071\/RJ08068","article-title":"Climate change impacts on northern Australian rangeland livestock carrying capacity: a review of issues","volume":"31","author":"McKeon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rangel. J."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/3\/406\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:30:34Z","timestamp":1760362234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/3\/406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12030406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12030406","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]}}}