{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:33:23Z","timestamp":1762508003042,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NF170036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NF170036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tropical forests hold significant amounts of carbon and play a critical role on Earth\u00b4s climate system. To date, carbon dynamics over tropical forests have been poorly assessed, especially over vast areas of the tropics that have been affected by some type of disturbance (e.g., selective logging, understory fires, and fragmentation). Understanding the multi-temporal dynamics of carbon stocks over human-modified tropical forests (HMTF) is crucial to close the carbon cycle balance in the tropics. Here, we used multi-temporal and high-spatial resolution airborne LiDAR data to quantify rates of carbon dynamics over a large patch of HMTF in eastern Amazon, Brazil. We described a robust approach to monitor changes in aboveground forest carbon stocks between 2012 and 2018. Our results showed that this particular HMTF lost 0.57 m\u00b7yr\u22121 in mean forest canopy height and 1.38 Mg\u00b7C\u00b7ha\u22121\u00b7yr\u22121 of forest carbon between 2012 and 2018. LiDAR-based estimates of Aboveground Carbon Density (ACD) showed progressive loss through the years, from 77.9 Mg\u00b7C\u00b7ha\u22121 in 2012 to 53.1 Mg\u00b7C\u00b7ha\u22121 in 2018, thus a decrease of 31.8%. Rates of carbon stock changes were negative for all time intervals analyzed, yielding average annual carbon loss rates of \u22121.34 Mg\u00b7C\u00b7ha\u22121\u00b7yr\u22121. This suggests that this HMTF is acting more as a source of carbon than a sink, having great negative implications for carbon emission scenarios in tropical forests. Although more studies of forest dynamics in HMTFs are necessary to reduce the current remaining uncertainties in the carbon cycle, our results highlight the persistent effects of carbon losses for the study area. HMTFs are likely to expand across the Amazon in the near future. The resultant carbon source conditions, directly associated with disturbances, may be essential when considering climate projections and carbon accounting methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T10:51:07Z","timestamp":1580295067000},"page":"430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Carbon Dynamics in a Human-Modified Tropical Forest: A Case Study Using Multi-Temporal LiDAR Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yhasmin Mendes de","family":"Moura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9053-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heiko","family":"Balzter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8313-0497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00eanio S.","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research, Remote Sensing Division, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP 12245-970, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7151-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Dalagnol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research, Remote Sensing Division, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP 12245-970, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7497-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Esp\u00edrito-Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Erone G.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences and Geography Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, PL64, Gustaf H\u00e4llstr\u00f6min katu 2, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6260-5791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of Geology, Geography and the Environment, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1. Calle Colegios 2, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}]},{"given":"Polyanna da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Bispo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2735-1746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimundo C.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu\u00e1ria (EMBRAPA), Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal da Amaz\u00f4nia Oriental, Bel\u00e9m PA 66095-903, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Yosio E.","family":"Shimabukuro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research, Remote Sensing Division, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP 12245-970, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-019-0465-1","article-title":"The fate of Amazonia","volume":"9","author":"Gloor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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