{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:51:04Z","timestamp":1765356664945,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]],"date-time":"2020-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41422108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41422108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Youth Talent Support Program of China","award":["2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the largest developing country, China has experienced dramatic urban expansion since the \u201creform and opening-up\u201d policy started at the end of the 1970s. In this paper, we monitor three decades of urban expansion in China\u2019s 36 major cities, based on the spectral mixture analysis of remotely sensed satellite images. The results demonstrated that these major cities have expanded by 5.85 times from 1986 to 2015, with 15.51 km2 average expansion area per city per year. We found the urban expansion trajectories showed three different modes, i.e., exponential, linear and s-shaped, which were closely related to the city development level. In the old city zones, however, there was an interesting common tendency of the impervious surface area (ISA) first increasing and then decreasing, which could be largely attributed to the phenomenon of urban village reconstruction in China\u2019s cities. Based on the Granger Causality Test (GCT), the interaction between urban ISA and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita (GDPPC) suggested that the former was the driver of the latter. Meanwhile, taking the Yangtze River as the division between north and south China, there exists a north\u2013south territorial differentiation for the interaction between ISA and total population at the year-end (TP).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T03:18:48Z","timestamp":1580872728000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Monitoring Three-Decade Expansion of China\u2019s Major Cities Based on Satellite Remote Sensing Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huanfeng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"The Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Wuhan 430015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangpei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"The Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20666","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704119104","article-title":"The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability","volume":"104","author":"Turner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20887","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002096107","article-title":"National housing and impervious surface scenarios for integrated climate impact assessments","volume":"107","author":"Bierwagen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2003.04.008","article-title":"Urban growth in developing countries: A review of current trends and a caution regarding existing forecasts","volume":"32","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150195","article-title":"Global change and the ecology of cities","volume":"319","author":"Grimm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Xia, J., Xiao, R., and He, T. (2017). Urban expansion patterns of 291 chinese cities, 1990\u20132015. Int. J. Digit. Earth, 1\u201316.","key":"ref_5","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2017.1395090"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16083","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211658109","article-title":"Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools","volume":"109","author":"Seto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153057","article-title":"Urbanization and the wealth of nations","volume":"319","author":"Bloom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14324","article-title":"Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity","volume":"520","author":"Newbold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01372.x","article-title":"A global synthesis of plant extinction rates in urban areas","volume":"12","author":"Hahs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-018-0076-2","article-title":"Progress towards sustainable intensification in china challenged by land-use change","volume":"1","author":"Zuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.07.008","article-title":"Impacts of landscape structure on surface urban heat islands: A case study of shanghai, china","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/4\/4\/044003","article-title":"A new map of global urban extent from modis satellite data","volume":"4","author":"Schneider","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ.Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.03.003","article-title":"Mapping global urban areas using modis 500-m data: New methods and datasets based on \u2018urban ecoregions\u2019","volume":"114","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.03.007","article-title":"Mapping global land cover in 2001 and 2010 with spatial-temporal consistency at 250 m resolution","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.032","article-title":"Mapping urbanization dynamics at regional and global scales using multi-temporal dmsp\/ols nighttime light data","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.02.002","article-title":"Spatial analysis of global urban extent from dmsp-ols night lights","volume":"96","author":"Small","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054011","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/5\/054011","article-title":"A global map of urban extent from nightlights","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064015","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/6\/064015","article-title":"Land-cover change analysis in 50 global cities by using a combination of landsat data and analysis of grid cells","volume":"9","author":"Bagan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.09.002","article-title":"Global land cover mapping at 30 m resolution: A pok-based operational approach","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.055","article-title":"High-resolution multi-temporal mapping of global urban land using landsat images based on the google earth engine platform","volume":"209","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.03.004","article-title":"A cluster-based method to map urban area from dmsp\/ols nightlights","volume":"147","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.10.022","article-title":"A new perspective to assess the urban heat island through remotely sensed atmospheric profiles","volume":"158","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Lu, L., Weng, Q., Xie, Y., and Guo, H. (2016). Monitoring urban dynamics in the southeast u.S.A. Using time-series dmsp\/ols nightlight imagery. Remote Sens., 8.","key":"ref_23","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070578"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/3\/034002","article-title":"A new urban landscape in east\u2013southeast asia, 2000\u20132010","volume":"10","author":"Schneider","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"34","article-title":"Assessment with satellite data of the urban heat island effects in asian mega cities","volume":"8","author":"Tran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.526971","article-title":"2010 land cover map of insular southeast asia in 250-m spatial resolution","volume":"3","author":"Miettinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2005.02.003","article-title":"Are european cities becoming dispersed?: A comparative analysis of 15 european urban areas","volume":"77","author":"Kasanko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Landscape Urban. Plan."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(03)00026-4","article-title":"Landscape change and the urbanization process in europe","volume":"67","author":"Antrop","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landscape Urban. Plan."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210128","article-title":"Land cover characterization and change detection for environmental monitoring of pan-europe","volume":"21","author":"Mucher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2008.10.004","article-title":"Monitoring 25 years of land cover change dynamics in africa: A sample based remote sensing approach","volume":"29","author":"Brink","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.07.009","article-title":"Modelling spatial patterns of urban growth in africa","volume":"44","author":"Linard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-124X.2006.00003.x","article-title":"China\u2019s pattern of growth: Moving to sustainability and reducing inequality","volume":"14","author":"Kuijs","year":"2006","journal-title":"China World Econ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1080\/0042098042000268410","article-title":"Do economic reforms accelerate urban growth? The case of china","volume":"41","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urban. Stud."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-100809-125336","article-title":"The new geography of contemporary urbanization and the environment","volume":"35","author":"Seto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1360\/03yd0374","article-title":"Urban land expansion and arable land loss of the major cities in china in the 1990s","volume":"48","author":"Tan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seto, K.C., Fragkias, M., G\u00fcneralp, B., and Reilly, M.K. (2011). A meta-analysis of global urban land expansion. PLoS ONE, 6.","key":"ref_36","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023777"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024008","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/2\/024008","article-title":"Expansion and growth in chinese cities, 1978\u20132010","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"42","article-title":"Urban growth and environmental impacts in jing-jin-ji, the yangtze, river delta and the pearl river delta","volume":"30","author":"Haas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Li, C., Ying, Q., Cheng, X., Wang, X., Li, X., Hu, L., Liang, L., Yu, L., and Huang, H. (2012). China\u2019s urban expansion from 1990 to 2010 determined with satellite remote sensing. Chin. Sci. Bull., 2802\u20132950.","key":"ref_39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-012-5235-7"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2013.05.002","article-title":"Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns of urban expansion in china using remote sensing data","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-015-0211-7","article-title":"Rates and patterns of urban expansion in china\u2019s 32 major cities over the past three decades","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landscape Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9600","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00065","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dimensions of urban expansion in china","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.10.001","article-title":"The rapid and massive urban and industrial land expansions in china between 1990 and 2010: A clud-based analysis of their trajectories, patterns, and drivers","volume":"145","author":"Kuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landscape Urban. Plan."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2006.12.006","article-title":"Growth, population and industrialization, and urban land expansion of china","volume":"63","author":"Deng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urban. Econ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447-34.6.450","article-title":"Spatio-temporal patterns and driving forces of urban land expansion in china during the economic reform era","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05198","article-title":"Changing and differentiated urban landscape in china: Spatiotemporal patterns and driving forces","volume":"50","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6940","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL074084","article-title":"Contribution of urbanization to the increase of extreme heat events in an urban agglomeration in east china","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6710","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL077239","article-title":"Urbanization effect on winter haze in the yangtze river delta region of china","volume":"45","author":"Zhong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-015-1186-7","article-title":"Spatial differences and driving forces of land urbanization in China","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2004.03.003","article-title":"Urban land expansion and arable land loss in china\u2014A case study of beijing\u2013tianjin\u2013hebei region","volume":"22","author":"Tan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Land Use Pol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traore, A., and Watanabe, T. (2017). Modeling determinants of urban growth in conakry, guinea: A spatial logistic approach. Urban. Sci., 1.","key":"ref_51","DOI":"10.3390\/urbansci1020012"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"161","article-title":"Drivers of land cover and land use changes in st. Louis metropolitan area over the past 40 years characterized by remote sensing and census population data","volume":"35","author":"Maimaitijiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gervasi, O., Murgante, B., Misra, S., Gavrilova, M.L., Rocha, A.M.A.C., Torre, C., Taniar, D., and Apduhan, B.O. (2015, January 22\u201325). Urban development as a continuum: A multinomial logistic regression approach. Proceedings of the Computational Science and Its Applications\u2014ICCSA 2015, Banff, AB, Canada.","key":"ref_53","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21407-8"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098017749176","article-title":"Addressing the determinants of built-up expansion and densification processes at the regional scale","volume":"55","author":"Mustafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban. Stud."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2009.09.007","article-title":"Remote sensing monitoring and driving force analysis of urban expansion in guangzhou city, china","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8306.00288","article-title":"Urban indicators of china from radiance-calibrated digital dmsp-ols nighttime images","volume":"92","author":"Lo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098009349770","article-title":"Economic growth and the expansion of urban land in China","volume":"47","author":"Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urban. Stud."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-016-0796-z","article-title":"Extraction of basic trends of urban expansion in china over past 40 years from satellite images","volume":"26","author":"Wen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1021\/es202329f","article-title":"Landscape urbanization and economic growth in china: Positive feedbacks and sustainability dilemmas","volume":"46","author":"Bai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1080\/0042098022000033890","article-title":"Urbanisation and city size distribution in china","volume":"39","author":"Song","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urban. Stud."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2015.2441912","article-title":"Missing information reconstruction of remote sensing data: A technical review","volume":"3","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2005780","article-title":"A map-based algorithm for destriping and inpainting of remotely sensed images","volume":"47","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.11.005","article-title":"Long-term and fine-scale satellite monitoring of the urban heat island effect by the fusion of multi-temporal and multi-sensor remote sensed data: A 26-year case study of the city of wuhan in china","volume":"172","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.12.012","article-title":"Recovering missing pixels for landsat etm+ slc-off imagery using multi-temporal regression analysis and a regularization method","volume":"131","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.08.003","article-title":"Normalized spectral mixture analysis for monitoring urban composition using etm+ imagery","volume":"93","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","article-title":"The use of the normalized difference water index (ndwi) in the delineation of open water features","volume":"17","author":"McFeeters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elvidge, C., Tuttle, B., Sutton, P., Baugh, K., Howard, A., Milesi, C., Bhaduri, B., and Nemani, R. (2007). Global distribution and density of constructed impervious surfaces. Sensors, 7.","key":"ref_67","DOI":"10.3390\/s7091962"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.10.008","article-title":"Remote sensing of the urban heat island effect across biomes in the continental USA","volume":"114","author":"Imhoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.5589\/m10-039","article-title":"Characterizing urban heat islands of global settlements using modis and nighttime lights products","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"68","article-title":"A sub-pixel analysis of urbanization effect on land surface temperature and its interplay with impervious surface and vegetation coverage in indianapolis, united states","volume":"10","author":"Weng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.010","article-title":"Use of impervious surface in urban land-use classification","volume":"102","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00136-0","article-title":"Estimating impervious surface distribution by spectral mixture analysis","volume":"84","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Y., Shen, H., Li, H., and Cheng, Q. (2016, January 10\u201315). Long-term urban impervious surface monitoring using spectral mixture analysis: A case study of Wuhan city in China. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Beijing, China.","key":"ref_73","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7730763"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1021\/es2030438","article-title":"Surface urban heat island across 419 global big cities","volume":"46","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18702","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807435105","article-title":"Laws of population growth","volume":"105","author":"Rozenfeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"67","article-title":"The use of structural information for improving land-cover classification accuracies at the rural-urban fringe","volume":"56","author":"Gong","year":"1990","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"6","article-title":"Six fields with the largest building energy-saving potential and their outlooking in China (in Chinese)","volume":"42","author":"Qiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archi Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.08.008","article-title":"Multi-level modeling of urban expansion and cultivated land conversion for urban hotspot counties in China","volume":"108","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landscape Urban. Plan."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2005.01.003","article-title":"More evidence on the spatial scale of cities","volume":"58","author":"McGrath","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Urban. Econ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.2307\/1924193","article-title":"The economics of urban sprawl: Theory and evidence on the spatial sizes of cities","volume":"65","author":"Brueckner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8939","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606036114","article-title":"Future urban land expansion and implications for global croplands","volume":"114","author":"Reitsma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2017.12.007","article-title":"Urban land expansion and the floating population in china: For production or for living?","volume":"74","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.2307\/1912791","article-title":"Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods","volume":"37","author":"Granger","year":"1969","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.2307\/3147108","article-title":"Modeling the drivers of urban land use change in the pearl river delta, China: Integrating remote sensing with socioeconomic data","volume":"79","author":"Seto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Land Econ."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/509158a","article-title":"Realizing china\u2019s urban dream","volume":"509","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9787.2010.00686.x","article-title":"Land and urban economic growth in china","volume":"51","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2009.03.002","article-title":"Local officials as land developers: Urban spatial expansion in china","volume":"66","author":"Lichtenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Urban. Econ."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2013.03.014","article-title":"Revisiting the urbanization curve","volume":"32","author":"Mulligan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2013.10.006","article-title":"Comments on mulligan\u2019s \u201crevisiting the urbanization curve\u201d","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cities"},{"unstructured":"Chen, Y. (2012). On the urbanization curves: Types, stages, and research methods. Sci. Geogr. Sin., 12\u201317.","key":"ref_90"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2014.11.009","article-title":"Monitoring and modeling urban expansion\u2014A spatially explicit and multi-scale perspective","volume":"43","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cities"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/3\/491\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:54:25Z","timestamp":1760172865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/3\/491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12030491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12030491","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]]}}}