{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T03:43:30Z","timestamp":1775187810763,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["2019QZKK0206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0206"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41 861053, 41901271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41 861053, 41901271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA20100300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA20100300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Validation of the snow process model is an important preliminary work for the snow parameter estimation. The snow grain growth is a continuous and accumulative process, which cannot be evaluated without comparing with the observations in snow season scale. In order to understand the snow properties in the Asian Water Tower region (including Xinjiang province and the Tibetan Plateau) and enhance the use of modeling tools, an extended snow experiment at the foot of the Altay Mountain was designed to validate and improve the coupled physical Snow Thermal Model (SNTHERM) and the Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS). By matching simultaneously the observed snow depth, geometric grain size, and observed brightness temperature (TB), with an RMSE of 1.91 cm, 0.47 mm, and 4.43 K (at 36.5 GHz, vertical polarization), respectively, we finalized the important model coefficients, which are the grain growth coefficient and the grain size to exponential correlation length conversion coefficients. When extended to 102 meteorological stations in the 2008\u20132009 winter, the SNTHERM predicted the daily snow depth with an accuracy of 2\u20134 cm RMSE, and the coupled SNTHERM-MEMLS model predicted the satellite-observed TB with an accuracy of 13.34 K RMSE at 36.5 GHz, vertical polarization, with the fractional snow cover considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T02:59:18Z","timestamp":1580957958000},"page":"507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Validation of the SNTHERM Model Applied for Snow Depth, Grain Size, and Brightness Temperature Simulation at Meteorological Stations in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Ministry of Education, College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2726-771X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinmei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunli","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Ministry of Education, College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6163-2912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiancheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Science System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6848-7271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lifu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Altay Meteorological Bureau, Altay 836500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongrui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Altay Meteorological Bureau, Altay 836500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.03.019","article-title":"Hourly simulations of the microwave brightness temperature of seasonal snow in Quebec, Canada, using a coupled snow evolution-emission model","volume":"115","author":"Brucker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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