{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T20:56:29Z","timestamp":1774126589204,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Droughts can exert a strong influence on the regional energy balance of the Amazon and Cerrado, as can the replacement of native vegetation by croplands. What remains unclear is how these two forcing factors interact and whether land cover changes fundamentally alter the sensitivity of the energy balance components to drought events. To fill this gap, we used remote sensing data to evaluate the impacts of drought on evapotranspiration (ET), land surface temperature (LST), and albedo on cultivated areas, savannas, and forests. Our results (for seasonal drought) indicate that increases in monthly dryness across Mato Grosso state (southern Amazonia and northern Cerrado) drive greater increases in LST and albedo in croplands than in forests. Furthermore, during the 2007 and 2010 droughts, croplands became hotter (0.1\u20130.8 \u00b0C) than savannas (0.3\u20130.6 \u00b0C) and forests (0.2\u20130.3 \u00b0C). However, forest ET was consistently higher than ET in all other land uses. This finding likely indicates that forests can access deeper soil water during droughts. Overall, our findings suggest that forest remnants can play a fundamental role in the mitigation of the negative impacts of extreme drought events, contributing to a higher ET and lower LST.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T03:13:27Z","timestamp":1581045207000},"page":"525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Droughts Amplify Differences Between the Energy Balance Components of Amazon Forests and Croplands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1008-4952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Caioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia e Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso\u2014UNEMAT, Av. Expedi\u00e7\u00e3o Roncador Xingu, Nova Xavantina 78690-000, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1642-9496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divino Vicente","family":"Silv\u00e9rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz\u00f4nia\u2014UFRA, Capit\u00e3o Po\u00e7o 68650-000, Par\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amaz\u00f4nia\u2014IPAM, Rua Horizontina, Canarana 78640-000, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8102-5901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia N.","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amaz\u00f4nia\u2014IPAM, Rua Horizontina, Canarana 78640-000, Mato Grosso, Brazil"},{"name":"Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Coe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA"}]},{"given":"Paulo M.","family":"Brando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia e Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso\u2014UNEMAT, Av. Expedi\u00e7\u00e3o Roncador Xingu, Nova Xavantina 78690-000, Mato Grosso, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amaz\u00f4nia\u2014IPAM, Rua Horizontina, Canarana 78640-000, Mato Grosso, Brazil"},{"name":"Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA"},{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, April 20). INPE-Projeto Prodes: Monitoramento da floresta Amaz\u00f4nica Brasileira por Sat\u00e9lite. Available online: http:\/\/www.obt.inpe.br\/OBT\/assuntos\/programas\/amazonia\/prodes."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2015.01.017","article-title":"Land cover changes in the Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga biomes from 1990 to 2010 based on a systematic remote sensing sampling approach","volume":"58","author":"Beuchle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prolonged tropical forest degradation due to compounding disturbances: Implications for CO2 and H2 O fluxes","volume":"2019","author":"Brando","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2005.00702.x","article-title":"Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado","volume":"19","author":"Klink","year":"2005","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111374109","article-title":"Decoupling of deforestation and soy production in the southern Amazon during the late 2000s","volume":"109","author":"Macedo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248525","article-title":"Slowing Amazon deforestation through public policy and interventions in beef and soy supply chains","volume":"344","author":"Nepstad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"INPE (2019, April 20). TerraBrasilis. Monitoramento Do Cerrado. Available online: http:\/\/www.obt.inpe.br\/cerrado\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2007)5[25:ARFDAL]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Amazonia revealed: Forest degradation and loss of ecosystem goods and services in the Amazon Basin","volume":"5","author":"Foley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11390","article-title":"Observations of increased tropical rainfall preceded by air passage over forests","volume":"489","author":"Spracklen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2196","article-title":"Land management and land-cover change have impacts of similar magnitude on surface temperature","volume":"4","author":"Luyssaert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2003.00772.x","article-title":"Amazon drought and its implications for forest flammability and tree growth: A basin-wide analysis","volume":"10","author":"Nepstad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104015","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/10\/104015","article-title":"Agricultural expansion dominates climate changes in southeastern Amazonia: The overlooked non-GHG forcing","volume":"10","author":"Brando","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1146961","article-title":"Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon","volume":"319","author":"Malhi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1200807","article-title":"The 2010 Amazon drought","volume":"331","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.2316-9036.v0i106p31-44","article-title":"A seca e a crise h\u00eddrica de 2014-2015 em S\u00e3o Paulo","volume":"106","author":"Marengo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. USP"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Record-breaking warming and extreme drought in the Amazon rainforest during the course of El Ni\u00f1o 2015\u20132016","volume":"6","author":"Mattar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164033","article-title":"Drought Sensitivity of the Amazon Rainforest","volume":"323","author":"Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/3\/1\/014002","article-title":"Causes and impacts of the 2005 Amazon drought","volume":"3","author":"Zeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/372666a0","article-title":"The role of deep roots in the hydrological and carbon cycles of Amazonian forests and pastures","volume":"372","author":"Nepstad","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000116417","article-title":"Quality assessment and validation of the MODIS global land surface temperature","volume":"25","author":"Wan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030612","article-title":"Regional climate change over eastern Amazonia caused by pasture and soybean cropland expansion","volume":"34","author":"Sampaio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Maidment, D.R. (1993). Evaporation. Handbook of Hydrology, McGRaw Hill."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2006WR005526","article-title":"Energy balance and canopy conductance of a tropical semi-deciduous forest of the southern Amazon Basin","volume":"44","author":"Vourlitis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biv107","article-title":"Threshold responses to soil moisture deficit by trees and soil in tropical rain forests: Insights from field experiments","volume":"65","author":"Meir","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155121","article-title":"Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests","volume":"320","author":"Bonan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13298","article-title":"Land-use change affects water recycling in Brazil\u2019s last agricultural frontier","volume":"22","author":"Spera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD015174","article-title":"Evidence that deforestation affects the onset of the rainy season in Rondonia, Brazil","volume":"116","author":"Butt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18110","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302584110","article-title":"Increased dry-season length over southern Amazonia in recent decades and its implication for future climate","volume":"110","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3226","article-title":"Regional dry-season climate changes due to three decades of Amazonian deforestation","volume":"7","author":"Khanna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2019, April 22). IBGE-Banco de dados por Estado. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica, Available online: https:\/\/ww2.ibge.gov.br\/estadosat\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"CONAB-Companhia de Abastecimento (2019, April 05). Acompanhamento da Safra Brasileira de Gr\u00e3os, Available online: https:\/\/www.conab.gov.br."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"69","article-title":"Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o clim\u00e1tica do Bioma Cerrado","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Sano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerrado: Ecologia e Flora"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Tarifa, J.R. (2011). Mato Grosso: Clima\u2013An\u00e1lise e Representa\u00e7\u00e3o Cartogr\u00e1fica, Entrelinhas."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2019, April 21). BRASIL, Mapeamento do Uso e Cobertura da Terra do Cerrado\u2013Projeto TerraClass Cerrado 2013, Available online: http:\/\/www.mma.gov.br\/images\/arquivo\/80049\/Cerrado\/publicacoes\/Livro%20EMBRAPA-WEB-1-TerraClass%20Cerrado.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244693","article-title":"High-resolution global maps of 21stcentury forest cover change","volume":"342","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The NCEP\/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project","volume":"77","author":"Kalnay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.019","article-title":"Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm","volume":"115","author":"Mu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064010","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/6\/064010","article-title":"Recent cropping frequency, expansion, and abandonment in Mato Grosso, Brazil had selective land characteristics","volume":"9","author":"Spera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7847","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.531783","article-title":"Classification of MODIS EVI time series for crop mapping in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil","volume":"32","author":"Arvor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.05.017","article-title":"Wavelet analysis of MODIS time series to detect expansion and intensification of row-crop agriculture in Brazil","volume":"112","author":"Galford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002062","article-title":"An operational remote sensing algorithm for land surface evaporation","volume":"108","author":"Nishida","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2013.837578","article-title":"Assessment of the MODIS global evapotranspiration algorithm using eddy covariance measurements and hydrological modelling in the Rio Grande basin","volume":"58","author":"Ruhoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00091-3","article-title":"First operational BRDF, albedo nadir reflectance products from MODIS","volume":"83","author":"Schaaf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatial patterns and fire response of recent Amazonian droughts","volume":"34","author":"Malhi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM560.1","article-title":"The TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA): Quasi-Global, Multiyear, Combined-Sensor Precipitation Estimates at Fine Scales","volume":"8","author":"Huffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Hijmans, R.J., van Etten, J., Etten, J., van Mattiuzzi, M., Sumner, M., Greenberg, J.A., Lamigueiro, O.P., Andrew, B., Racine, E.B., and Shortridge, A. (2019, November 03). Raster: Geographic Analysis and Modeling with Raster Data. R Package Version 2.2-31. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=raster."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutman, G., Janetos, A.C., Justice, C.O., Moran, E.F., Mustard, J.F., and Rindfuss, R.R. (2004). Land use and climate. Land Change Science, Kluwer Academic Publishers. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-2562-4"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"189","article-title":"Detection of land-use and surface temperature change at different resolutions","volume":"4","author":"Omran","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8061","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000623","article-title":"Energy and water dynamics of a central Amazonian rain forest","volume":"107","author":"Malhi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"5","article-title":"Comparative measurements and seasonal variations in energy and carbon exchange over forest and pasture in South West Amazonia","volume":"78","author":"Randow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"137","article-title":"Changes in the potential distributions of humid tropical forests on a warmer planet","volume":"369","author":"Zelazowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13172","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421010112","article-title":"Projections of future meteorological drought and wet periods in the Amazon","volume":"112","author":"Duffy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1940082917720671","article-title":"The forests of the Amazon and Cerrado moderate regional climate and are the key to the future","volume":"10","author":"Coe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Conserv. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/3\/525\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:55:17Z","timestamp":1760172917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/3\/525"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12030525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12030525","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]}}}