{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:44:21Z","timestamp":1777502661979,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61571421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61571421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61431018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61431018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61501210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61501210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital elevation model (DEM) generation using multi-aspect synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery applying radargrammetry has become a hotspot. The traditional radargrammetric method is to solve the rigorous radar projection equations to obtain the three dimensional coordinates of targets. In this paper, we propose a new DEM generation method based on the offset between multi-aspect images formed on ground plane. The ground object will be projected to different positions from different viewing aspect angles if the height of object is not equal to the height of imaging plane. The linear relationship between the offset of imaging positions and height of the object is derived and scale factor is obtained finally. Height information can be retrieved from offset of imaging positions directly through the DEM extraction model presented in this paper. Thus the solution to nonlinear equations point by point can be avoided. Real C band airborne circular SAR images is used to verify the proposed approach. When extracted DEM applied in multi-aspect imaging process, superimposition of multi-aspect images will no longer be defocusing and can achieve finer observation of the scanned scene.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T11:50:28Z","timestamp":1581076228000},"page":"556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["DEM Generation With a Scale Factor Using Multi-Aspect SAR Imagery Applying Radargrammetry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0272-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanshan","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanhui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Equipment, Beijing 100854, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1592-5933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, Y., Wang, F., Wan, L., and You, H. (2017). SAR-PC: Edge detection in SAR images via an advanced phase congruency model. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030209"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4858","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2285628","article-title":"Generation and Calibration of High-Resolution DEM From Single-Baseline Spaceborne Interferometry: The \u201cSplit-Swath\u201d Approach","volume":"52","author":"Mapelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Moreira, A., Krieger, G., Hajnsek, I., Hounam, D., Werner, M., Riegger, S., and Settelmeyer, E. (2004, January 20\u201324). TanDEM-X: A TerraSAR-X add-on satellite for single-pass SAR interferometry. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9ric, S., Fayard, F., and Pottier, \u00c9. (2009). Radargrammetric SAR image processing. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/8300"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168808954909","article-title":"SIR-B stereo-radargrammetry of Australia","volume":"9","author":"Leberl","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1029\/JB091iB05p04993","article-title":"Topographic mapping from interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations","volume":"91","author":"Zebker","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.853570","article-title":"Rectangular building extraction from stereoscopic airborne Radar images","volume":"43","author":"Simonetto","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nascetti, A., Capaldo, P., Pieralice, F., Porfiri, M., Fratarcangeli, F., and Crespi, M. (2015). Radargrammetric Digital Surface Models Generation from High Resolution Satellite SAR Imagery: Methodology and Case Studies. Int. Assoc. Geodesy Symp.","DOI":"10.1007\/1345_2015_141"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4720","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2191414","article-title":"Radargrammetric DEM Extraction Over Urban Area Using Circular SAR Imagery","volume":"50","author":"Palm","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2019.1635287","article-title":"Multi-aspect SAR target recognition based on space-fixed and space-varying scattering feature joint learning","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2809905","article-title":"DEM Generation Using Circular SAR Data Based on Low-Rank and Sparse Matrix Decomposition","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1995.8746031","article-title":"Airborne SAR stereo restitution in a mountainous area of Costa Rica: First results","volume":"33","author":"Toutin","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Mercer, J.B., Griffiths, S., and Thornton, S. (1994, January 12\u201315). Large Area Topographic Mapping Using Stereo SAR. Proceedings of the First International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition, Strasbourg, France."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Yang, S., Huang, G., and Zhou, Z. (2009, January 20\u201322). Generation of SAR stereo image pair. Proceedings of the International Radar Conference, Guilin, China."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sowmya, D., Rao, S.A., Shenoy, P.D., and Venugopal, K. (2018, January 7\u20139). Generation of Digital Elevation Map for Steep Terrain Region Using Landsat-7 ETM+ Imagery. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Data Science and Engineering (ICDSE), Kochi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSE.2018.8527795"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2157803","article-title":"High-resolution SAR radargrammetry: A first application with COSMO-SkyMed spotlight imagery","volume":"8","author":"Capaldo","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Hong, W., Tan, W., Wang, Y., and Xiang, M. (2012, January 22\u201327). Airborne circular SAR imaging: Results at P-band. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6352051"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Ponce, O., Prats, P., Scheiber, R., Reigber, A., and Moreira, A. (2012, January 23\u201326). Multibaseline 3-D circular SAR imaging at L-band. Proceedings of the EUSAR 2012 9th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Nuremberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fayard, F., Meric, S., and Pottier, E. (2007, January 23\u201328). Matching stereoscopic SAR images for radargrammetric applications. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2007.4423819"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"41","article-title":"Radargrammetric parameter evaluation of an airborne SAR image","volume":"66","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Leberl, F.W. (1990). Radargrammetric Image Processing, Artech House. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponce, O., Prats, P., Rodriguez-Cassola, M., Scheiber, R., and Reigber, A. (2011, January 24\u201329). Processing of circular SAR trajectories with fast factorized back-projection. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6050026"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-009-9130-7","article-title":"Fast normalized cross-correlation","volume":"28","author":"Yoo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinheiro, M., Prats, P., Scheiber, R., Nannini, M., and Reigber, A. (2009, January 12\u201317). Tomographic 3D reconstruction from airborne circular SAR. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2009.5418239"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1007\/s10762-012-9924-8","article-title":"Special Phenomena of the Shadow Region in the High Resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar Image due to Synthetic Aperture","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infrared Millimeter Terahertz Waves"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/34.982881","article-title":"Integrated position estimation using aerial image sequences","volume":"24","author":"Sim","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2009.2021489","article-title":"Layover solution in SAR imaging: A statistical approach","volume":"6","author":"Baselice","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2016.1764","article-title":"Adaptive imaging of anisotropic target based on circular-SAR","volume":"52","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Ostrowski, J., and Cheng, P. (2000, January 24\u201328). DEM extraction from stereo SAR satellite imagery. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI, USA."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/3\/556\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:55:43Z","timestamp":1760172943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/3\/556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12030556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12030556","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]]}}}