{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:00:30Z","timestamp":1781647230377,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,8]],"date-time":"2020-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, through the coordinated project L-Band (MCIU\/AEI\/FEDER, UE): Sobre la continuidad de las misiones satelitales de banda L. Nuevos paradigmas en productos y aplicaciones (UPC part)","award":["ESP2017-89463-C3-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESP2017-89463-C3-2-R"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, through the coordinated project L-Band (MCIU\/AEI\/FEDER, UE): Sobre la continuidad de las misiones satelitales de banda L. Nuevos paradigmas en productos y aplicaciones (ICM part)","award":["ESP2017-89463-C3-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESP2017-89463-C3-1-R"]}]},{"name":"Unidad de Excelencia Mar\u00eda de Maeztu","award":["MDM-2016-0600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDM-2016-0600"]}]},{"name":"Ram\u00f3n y Cajal contract and the project RTI2018-096765-A-100 (MCIU\/AEI\/FEDER, UE)","award":["RTI2018-096765-A-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-096765-A-100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last decade, technological advances led to the launch of two satellite missions dedicated to measure the Earth\u2019s surface soil moisture (SSM): the ESA\u2019s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) launched in 2009, and the NASA\u2019s Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) launched in 2015. The two satellites have an L-band microwave radiometer on-board to measure the Earth\u2019s surface emission. These measurements (brightness temperatures TB) are then used to generate global maps of SSM every three days with a spatial resolution of about 30\u201340 km and a target accuracy of 0.04 m3\/m3. To meet local applications needs, different approaches have been proposed to spatially disaggregate SMOS and SMAP TB or their SSM products. They rely on synergies between multi-sensor observations and are built upon different physical assumptions. In this study, temporal and spatial characteristics of six operational SSM products derived from SMOS and SMAP are assessed in order to diagnose their distinct features, and the rationale behind them. The study is focused on the Iberian Peninsula and covers the period from April 2015 to December 2017. A temporal inter-comparison analysis is carried out using in situ SSM data from the Soil Moisture Measurements Station Network of the University of Salamanca (REMEDHUS) to evaluate the impact of the spatial scale of the different products (1, 3, 9, 25, and 36 km), and their correspondence in terms of temporal dynamics. A spatial analysis is conducted for the whole Iberian Peninsula with emphasis on the added-value that the enhanced resolution products provide based on the microwave-optical (SMOS\/ERA5\/MODIS) or the active\u2013passive microwave (SMAP\/Sentinel-1) sensor fusion. Our results show overall agreement among time series of the products regardless their spatial scale when compared to in situ measurements. Still, higher spatial resolutions would be needed to capture local features such as small irrigated areas that are not dominant at the 1-km pixel scale. The degree to which spatial features are resolved by the enhanced resolution products depend on the multi-sensor synergies employed (at TB or soil moisture level), and on the nature of the fine-scale information used. The largest disparities between these products occur in forested areas, which may be related to the reduced sensitivity of high-resolution active microwave and optical data to soil properties under dense vegetation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T11:48:51Z","timestamp":1581335331000},"page":"570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Assessment of Multi-Scale SMOS and SMAP Soil Moisture Products across the Iberian Peninsula"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gerard","family":"Portal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab\u2013UPC Unidad de Excelencia Mar\u00eda de Maeztu, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC) and IEEC-CTE\/UPC, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Expert Center (BEC), Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-47, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1760-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Jagdhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microwave and Radar Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), M\u00fcnchener Strasse 20, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2694-7107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merc\u00e8","family":"Vall-llossera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab\u2013UPC Unidad de Excelencia Mar\u00eda de Maeztu, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC) and IEEC-CTE\/UPC, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Expert Center (BEC), Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-47, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9514-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano","family":"Camps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab\u2013UPC Unidad de Excelencia Mar\u00eda de Maeztu, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC) and IEEC-CTE\/UPC, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Expert Center (BEC), Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-47, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2694-7107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Pablos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Expert Center (BEC), Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-47, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences, Spanish National Research Council (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8362-4761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dara","family":"Entekhabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 15 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1169-3098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Piles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Processing Laboratory, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia (UV), Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n 2, 46010 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lahoz, W., Blyverket, J., and Hamer, P. 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