{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T14:33:00Z","timestamp":1774276380517,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (T\u00dcB\u0130TAK)","award":["114Y581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114Y581"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The launch of dedicated satellite missions at the beginning of the 2000s led to significant improvement in the determination of Earth gravity field models. As a consequence of this progress, both the accuracies and the spatial resolutions of the global geopotential models increased. However, the spectral behaviors and the accuracies of the released models vary mainly depending on their computation strategies. These strategies are briefly explained in this article. Comprehensive quality assessment of the gravity field models by means of spectral and statistical analyses provides a comparison of the gravity field mapping accuracies of these models, as well as providing an understanding of their progress. The practical benefit of these assessments by means of choosing an optimal model with the highest accuracy and best resolution for a specific application is obvious for a broad range of geoscience applications, including geodesy and geophysics, that employ Earth gravity field parameters in their studies. From this perspective, this study aims to evaluate the GOCE High-Level Processing Facility geopotential models including recently published sixth releases using different validation methods recommended in the literature, and investigate their performances comparatively and in addition to some other models, such as GOCO05S, GOGRA04S and EGM2008. In addition to the validation statistics from various countries, the study specifically emphasizes the numerical test results in Turkey. It is concluded that the performance improves from the first generation RL01 models toward the final RL05 models, which were based on the entire mission data. This outcome was confirmed when the releases of different computation approaches were considered. The accuracies of the RL05 models were found to be similar to GOCO05S, GOGRA04S and even to RL06 versions but better than EGM2008, in their maximum expansion degrees. Regarding the results obtained from these tests using the GPS\/leveling observations in Turkey, the contribution of the GOCE data to the models was significant, especially between the expansion degrees of 100 and 250. In the study, the tested geopotential models were also considered for detailed geoid modeling using the remove-compute-restore method. It was found that the best-fitting geopotential model with its optimal expansion degree (please see the definition of optimal degree in the article) improved the high-frequency regional geoid model accuracy by almost 15%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T09:25:21Z","timestamp":1581413121000},"page":"586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["An Assessment of the GOCE High-Level Processing Facility (HPF) Released Global Geopotential Models with Regional Test Results in Turkey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0854-788X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bihter","family":"Erol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Geomatics Engineering Department, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1769-4451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa Serkan","family":"I\u015f\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Geomatics Engineering Department, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7100-8267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serdar","family":"Erol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Geomatics Engineering Department, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1029\/GD024p0147","article-title":"Lageos laser ranging contributions to geodynamics, geodesy, and orbital dynamics","volume":"24","author":"Tapley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Contrib. Space Geod. Geodyn. Earth Dyn. Geodyn. Ser."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"External Quality Evaluation Reports of EGM08","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Newton\u2019s Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2013.08.001","article-title":"Observing and understanding the Earth system variations from space geodesy","volume":"72","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5295","DOI":"10.1029\/JB074i022p05295","article-title":"Direct measurements of the Earth\u2019s gravitational potential using a satellite pair","volume":"74","author":"Wolff","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-3707(01)00050-3","article-title":"Dedicated gravity field missions\u2014Principles and aims","volume":"33","author":"Rummel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026104216284","article-title":"VII: CLOSING SESSION: GOCE: ESA\u2019s First Earth Explorer Core Mission","volume":"108","author":"Drinkwater","year":"2003","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tapley, B.D., Bettadpur, S., Watkins, M., and Reigber, C. (2004). The gravity recovery and climate experiment: Mission overview and early results. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019920"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"125","article-title":"ESA\u2019s gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer GOCE. ZfV-Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Geod\u00e4sie","volume":"134","author":"Rummel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geoinf. Landmanag."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2019, September 21). CHAMP Satellite Mission, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. Available online: http:\/\/op.gfz-potsdam.de\/champ\/."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2020, February 07). GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) Satellite Mission, University of Texas at Austin Center 795 for Space Research. Available online: http:\/\/www.csr.utexas.edu\/grace\/."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099192","article-title":"GRACE Measurements of Mass Variability in the Earth System","volume":"305","author":"Tapley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flechtner, F., Morton, P., Watkins, M., and Webb, F. (2014). Status of the GRACE Follow-on Mission, in Gravity, Geoid and Height Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10837-7_15"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Rummel, R. (1986). Satellite Gradiometry, Springer."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"233","article-title":"Gravity field determination from satellite gradiometry","volume":"59","author":"Rummel","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-011-0482-y","article-title":"Evaluation of the first GOCE static gravity field models using terrestrial gravity, vertical deflections and EGM2008 quasigeoid heights","volume":"85","author":"Hirt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-013-0680-x","article-title":"Evaluation of the third- and fourth-generation GOCE Earth gravity field models with Australian terrestrial gravity data in spherical harmonics","volume":"88","author":"Rexer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Battrick, B. (1999). The Four Candidate Earth Explorer Core Missions\u2013Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation, ESA."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-011-0467-x","article-title":"First GOCE gravity field models derived by three different approaches","volume":"85","author":"Pail","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-011-0486-7","article-title":"Validation of GOCE gravity field models by means of orbit residuals and geoid comparisons","volume":"85","author":"Gruber","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Barthelmes, F. (2020, February 07). Definition of Functionals of the Geopotential and Their Calculation from Spherical Harmonic Models. Available online: http:\/\/icgem.gfz-potsdam.de\/str-0902-revised.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2020, February 07). ICGEM\u2014International Centre for Global Earth Models (ICGEM), GFZ Potsdam, Germany. Available online: http:\/\/icgem.gfz-potsdam.de\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlis, N.K., Holmes, S.A., Kenyon, S.C., and Factor, J.K. (2012). The development and evaluation of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008). J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB008916"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"270","article-title":"Intercontinental height datum connection with GOCE and GPS-levelling data","volume":"2","author":"Gruber","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. G\u00e9od. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Gruber, T. (2004, January 8\u201310). Validation concepts for gravity field models from new satellite missions. Proceedings of the 2nd International GOCE User Workshop: GOCE The Geoid and Oceanography, Bratislava, Slovakia."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ihde, J., Wilmes, H., M\u00fcller, J., Denker, H., Voigt, C., and Hosse, M. (2010). Validation of Satellite Gravity Field Models by Regional Terrestrial Data Sets. Advanced Technologies in Earth Sciences, Springer Science and Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10228-8_22"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Erol, S., Isik, M.S., and Erol, B. (2016, January 17\u201322). Assessments on GOCE-based Gravity Field Model Comparisons with Terrestrial Data Using Wavelet Decomposition and Spectral Enhancement Approaches. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly 2016, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sans\u00f2, F., and Sideris, M.G. (2013). Geoid Determination: Theory and Methods, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74700-0"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11200-009-0032-8","article-title":"Comparison of global geopotential models from the champ and grace missions for regional geoid modelling in Turkey","volume":"53","author":"Erol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stud. Geophys. Geod."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Is\u0131k, M.S., and Erol, B. (2016, January 17\u201322). Geoid determination using GOCE-based models in Turkey. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly 2016, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6berg, L.E., and Bagherbandi, M. (2017). Gravity Inversion and Integration, Springer Science and Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50298-4"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2016.1189612","article-title":"Digital astro-geodetic camera system for the measurement of the deflections of the vertical: Tests and results","volume":"9","author":"Halicioglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.2478\/s11600-007-0050-2","article-title":"Interpretation of general geophysical patterns in Iran based on GRACE gradient component analysis","volume":"56","author":"Kiamehr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Geophys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mintourakis, I. (2014). Adjusting altimetric sea surface height observations in coastal regions. Case study in the Greek Seas. J. G\u00e9od. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.2478\/jogs-2014-0012"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1179\/003962610X12747001420500","article-title":"Quality Analysis of Global Geopotential Models at 1542 GPS\/levelling Benchmarks Over the Hellenic Mainland","volume":"42","author":"Kotsakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-017-9409-3","article-title":"Definition and Proposed Realization of the International Height Reference System (IHRS)","volume":"38","author":"Ihde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-012-0579-y","article-title":"Global height system unification with GOCE: A simulation study on the indirect bias term in the GBVP approach","volume":"87","author":"Gerlach","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s40328-017-0204-x","article-title":"Preliminary results of GOCE-based height system unification between Greece and Turkey over marine and land areas","volume":"53","author":"Vergos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"4","article-title":"GOCE data, models, and applications: A review","volume":"35","author":"Pail","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Bruinsma, S., Marty, J., Balmino, G., Biancale, R., F\u00f6rste, C., Abrikosov, O., and Neumayer, H. (July, January June). GOCE gravity field recovery by means of the direct numerical method. Proceedings of the ESA Living Planet Symposium 2010, Bergen, Norway."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Pail, R., Goiginger, H., Mayrhofer, R., H\u00f6ck, E., Schuh, W.D., and Brockmann, J.M. (July, January 27). GOCE gravity field model derived from orbit and gradiometry data applying the time-wise method. Proceedings of the ESA Living Planet Symposium 2010, Bergen, Norway."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Migliaccio, F., Reguzzoni, M., Sans\u00f2, F., Tscherning, C.C., and Veicherts, M. (July, January 27). GOCE data analysis: The space-wise approach and the first space-wise gravity field model. Proceedings of the ESA Living Planet Symposium 2010, Bergen, Norway."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Rummel, R., Gruber, T., and Koop, R. (2004, January 8\u201310). High level processing facility for GOCE: Products and processing strategy. Proceedings of the 2nd International GOCE User Workshop GOCE, The Geoid and Oceanography, ESA SP-569, Bratislava, Slovakia."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Gruber, T., Rummel, R., Abrikosov, O., and van Hees, R. (2010). GOCE Level 2 Product Data Handbook, The European GOCE Gravity Consortium EGG-C."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s11200-005-0021-5","article-title":"GOCE Data Processing: The Spherical Cap Regularization Approach","volume":"49","author":"Metzler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stud. Geophys. Geod."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"ESA (2019, September 21). Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) Mission. Available online: http:\/\/www.esa.int\/Our_Activities\/Observing_the_Earth\/GOCE."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Zingerle, P., Brockmann, J.M., Pail, R., Gruber, T., and Willberg, M. (2019). The polar extended gravity field model TIM_R6e. GFZ Data Services, GFZ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11200-012-1149-8","article-title":"Impact of GOCE Level 1b data reprocessing on GOCE-only and combined gravity field models","volume":"57","author":"Pail","year":"2013","journal-title":"Studia Geophys. Geod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5194\/adgeo-1-137-2003","article-title":"From the time-wise to space-wise GOCE observables","volume":"1","author":"Reguzzoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Migliaccio, F., Reguzzoni, M., Sans\u00f2, F., and Tselfes, N. (2006, January 6\u20138). On the use of gridded data to estimate potential coefficients. Proceedings of the 3rd International GOCE User Workshop, Frascati, Italy."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Gruber, T., and Rummel, R. (July, January 30). GOCE gravity field models-Overview and performance analysis. Proceedings of the 3rd International Gravity Field Service (IGFS) General Assembly, Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7508","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062045","article-title":"ESA\u2019s satellite-only gravity field model via the direct approach based on all GOCE data","volume":"41","author":"Bruinsma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"F\u00f6rste, C., Abrykosov, O., Bruinsma, S., Dahle, C., K\u00f6nig, R., and Lemoine, J.M. (2019). ESA\u2019s Release 6 GOCE gravity field model by means of the direct approach based on improved filtering of the reprocessed gradients of the entire mission. GFZ Data Services, GFZ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8089","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL061904","article-title":"EGM_TIM_RL05: An independent geoid with centimeter accuracy purely based on the GOCE mission","volume":"41","author":"Brockmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Brockmann, J.M., Schubert, T., Mayer-G\u00fcrr, T., and Schuh, W.D. (2019). The Earth\u2019s gravity field as seen by the GOCE satellite\u2014An improved sixth release derived with the time-wise approach. GFZ Data Services, GFZ."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Migliaccio, F., Reguzzoni, M., Gatti, A., Sans\u00f2, F., and Herceg, M. (April, January 31). A GOCE-only global gravity field model by the space-wise approach. Proceedings of the 4th International GOCE User Workshop, Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Gatti, A., Reguzzoni, M., Migliaccio, F., and Sans\u00f2, F. (2014, January 25\u201328). Space-wise grids of gravity gradients from GOCE data at nominal satellite altitude. Proceedings of the 5th International GOCE User Workshop, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Gatti, A., Reguzzoni, M., Migliaccio, F., and Sans\u00f2, F. (2016, January 19\u201323). Computation and assessment of the fifth release of the GOCE-only space-wise solution. Proceedings of the the 1st Joint Commission 2 and IGFS Meeting, Thessaloniki, Greece."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Mayer-Guerr, T. (2015, January 12\u201317). The combined satellite gravity field model GOCO05s. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly Conference, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s11200-011-1178-8","article-title":"Gravity field contribution analysis of GOCE gravitational gradient components","volume":"57","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stud. Geophys. Geod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-11-647-2019","article-title":"ICGEM\u201415 years of successful collection and distribution of global gravitational models, associated services, and future plans","volume":"11","author":"Ince","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., and Moritz, H. (2006). Physical Geodesy, Springer."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"110","article-title":"Evaluation Results of the Earth Gravitational Model EGM08 over the Baltic Countries","volume":"4","author":"Ellmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Newton\u2019s Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"93","article-title":"A study of zero-and first-degree terms in geopotential models over Australia","volume":"66","author":"Kirby","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geomat. Res. Australas."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-016-0913-x","article-title":"A conventional value for the geoid reference potential $$ W_ {0} $$","volume":"90","author":"Dayoub","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"17","article-title":"There is no such thing as \u201cThe\u201d EGM96 geoid: Subtle points on the use of a global geopotential model","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"IGeS Bull. Int. Geoid Serv."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"281","article-title":"Impacts of geodynamic phenomena on systems for height and gravity","volume":"63","author":"Ekman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-005-0009-5","article-title":"A strategy for determining the regional geoid by combining limited ground data with satellite-based global geopotential and topographical models: A case study of Iran","volume":"79","author":"Kiamehr","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"37","article-title":"Validation of GOCE Gravity Field Models in Germany","volume":"5","author":"Voigt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Newton\u2019s Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Tscherning, C.C., and Arabelos, D. (April, January 31). Gravity anomaly and gradient recovery from GOCE gradient data using LSC and comparisons with known ground data. Proceedings of the 4th International GOCE user workshop, Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"134","article-title":"Validation of GOCE global gravity field models using terrestrial gravity data in Norway","volume":"2","author":"Gerlach","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. G\u00e9od. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2012.05428.x","article-title":"GOCE gravity gradients versus global gravity field models","volume":"189","author":"Bouman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"88","article-title":"Validation of recent GOCE\/GRACE geopotential models over Khartoum state-Sudan","volume":"2","author":"Abdalla","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. G\u00e9od. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"144","article-title":"An evaluation of recent GOCE geopotential models in Brazil","volume":"2","author":"Matos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. G\u00e9od. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3311\/pp.ci.2012-1.01","article-title":"Validation of GOCE time-wise gravity field models using GPS-levelling, gravity, vertical deflections and gravity gradient measurements in Hungary","volume":"56","year":"2012","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of GOCE Geopotential Models","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Newton\u2019s Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1","article-title":"T\u00fcrkiye Ulusal Temel GPS A\u011f\u0131","volume":"16","author":"Ayhan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Harit. Derg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-009-0355-9","article-title":"The DNSC08GRA global marine gravity field from double retracked satellite altimetry","volume":"84","author":"Andersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"\u015earo\u011flu, F., Emre, \u00d6., and Ku\u015f\u00e7u, \u0130. (1992). Turkish Active Faults Map, Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"164","article-title":"Evaluation of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 in Turkey","volume":"4","author":"Simav","year":"2009","journal-title":"Newton\u2019s Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11200-009-0011-0","article-title":"Establishment of regional reference frames for quantifying active deformation areas in Anatolia","volume":"53","author":"Kilicoglu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stud. Geophys. Geod."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2020, February 07). International Service for the Geoid (ISG) at DICA Politecnico di Milano. Available online: http:\/\/www.isgeoid.polimi.it\/."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erol, B., I\u015f\u0131k, M.S., and Erol, S. (2020). Assessment of Gridded Gravity Anomalies for Precise Geoid Modeling in Turkey. J. Surv. Eng.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)SU.1943-5428.0000317"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9193","DOI":"10.1029\/JB091iB09p09193","article-title":"Data requirements for determining precise relative geoid heights from gravimetry","volume":"91","author":"Kearsley","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"17","article-title":"Data requirements for a 5-mm quasi-geoid in the Netherlands","volume":"25","author":"Farahani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud. Geophys. Geod."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/3\/586\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:56:37Z","timestamp":1760172997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/3\/586"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12030586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12030586","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]}}}