{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:55:19Z","timestamp":1791147319419,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFA0600103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0600103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Fund of China","award":["41331173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41331173"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantitative approaches to measuring and assessing terrestrial ecosystem resilience, which expresses the ability of an ecosystem to recover from disturbances without shifting to an alternative state or losing function and services, is critical and essential to forecasting how terrestrial ecosystems will respond to global change. However, global and continuous terrestrial resilience measurement is fraught with difficulty, and the corresponding attribution of resilience dynamics is lacking in the literature. In this study, we assessed global terrestrial ecosystem resilience based on the long time-series GLASS LAI product and GIMMS AVHRR LAI 3g product, and validated the results using drought and fire events as the main disturbance indicators. We also analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of global terrestrial ecosystem resilience and attributed their dynamics to climate change and environmental factors. The results showed that arid and semiarid areas exhibited low resilience. We found that evergreen broadleaf forest exhibited the highest resilience (mean resilience value (from GLASS LAI): 0.6). On a global scale, the increase of mean annual precipitation had a positive impact on terrestrial resilience enhancement, while we found no consistent relationships between mean annual temperature and terrestrial resilience. For terrestrial resilience dynamics, we observed three dramatic raises of disturbance frequency in 1989, 1995, and 2001, respectively, along with three significant drops in resilience correspondingly. Our study mapped continuous spatiotemporal variation and captured interannual variations in terrestrial ecosystem resilience. This study demonstrates that remote sensing data are effective for monitoring terrestrial resilience for global ecosystem assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T09:25:21Z","timestamp":1581413121000},"page":"595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Assessing Terrestrial Ecosystem Resilience using Satellite Leaf Area Index"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2180-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geography Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2708-9183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunlin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257484","article-title":"A mid-term analysis of progress toward international biodiversity targets","volume":"346","author":"Tittensor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1303","article-title":"The predicts database: A global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts","volume":"4","author":"Hudson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2010). Climate Change Indicators in the United States, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082750","article-title":"Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999","volume":"300","author":"Nemani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192666","article-title":"Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009","volume":"329","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.04.110173.000245","article-title":"Resilience and stability of ecological systems","volume":"4","author":"Holling","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/307321a0","article-title":"The complexity and stability of ecosystems","volume":"307","author":"Pimm","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054242","article-title":"Generic indicators of ecological resilience: Inferring the chance of a critical transition","volume":"46","author":"Scheffer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1210657","article-title":"Global resilience of tropical forest and savanna to critical transitions","volume":"334","author":"Hirota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-02824-140112","article-title":"Resilience, adaptability, and transformability in the goulburn-broken catchment, australia","volume":"14","author":"Walker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00044818","article-title":"Measures of resilience: The response of coastal sage scrub to fire","volume":"65","author":"Westman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vegetatio"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11655","article-title":"Flickering gives early warning signals of a critical transition to a eutrophic lake state","volume":"492","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.2307\/2390156","article-title":"Testing predictions of the resistance and resilience of vegetation subjected to extreme events","volume":"9","author":"MacGillivray","year":"1995","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., and Liang, S. (2018). Developing an integrated remote sensing based biodiversity index for predicting animal species richness. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050739"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.748992","article-title":"Finer resolution observation and monitoring of global land cover: First mapping results with landsat tm and etm+ data","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17301","article-title":"Ecology: Vegetation\u2019s responses to climate variability","volume":"531","author":"Huete","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2007.12.003","article-title":"The vegetation resilience after fire (vraf) index: Development, implementation and an illustration from central italy","volume":"10","author":"Bisson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Observ. Geoinform."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2014.04.010","article-title":"Post-fire resilience in the alpine region estimated from modis satellite multispectral data","volume":"32","author":"Mauro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Observ. Geoinform."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2002)083[2293:SEODRI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Satellite evidence of decreasing resilience in mediterranean plant communities after recurrent wildfires","volume":"83","author":"Lloret","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23021","article-title":"Global patterns of drought recovery","volume":"548","author":"Schwalm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"541","article-title":"Response to comment on \u201cglobal resilience of tropical forest and savanna to critical transitions\u201d","volume":"336","author":"Holmgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219346","article-title":"Comment on \u201cglobal resilience of tropical forest and savanna to critical transitions\u201d","volume":"336","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12279","article-title":"A model quantifying global vegetation resistance and resilience to short-term climate anomalies and their relationship with vegetation cover","volume":"24","author":"Lhermitte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2013.11.014","article-title":"Remote sensing of vegetation cover dynamics and resilience across southern africa","volume":"28","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Observ. Geoinform."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16986","article-title":"Sensitivity of global terrestrial ecosystems to climate variability","volume":"531","author":"Seddon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3108","article-title":"Remotely sensed resilience of tropical forests","volume":"6","author":"Verbesselt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"292","article-title":"The resilience of terrestrial ecosystems: Local surprise and global change","volume":"14","author":"Holling","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev. Biosph."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pimm, S.L. (1979). Complexity and stability: Another look at macarthur\u2019s original hypothesis. Oikos, 351\u2013357.","DOI":"10.2307\/3544322"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2012.03.023","article-title":"Ecosystem health and ecological engineering","volume":"45","author":"Costanza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2560522","article-title":"Long-time-series global land surface satellite leaf area index product derived from modis and avhrr surface reflectance","volume":"54","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.805262","article-title":"A long-term global land surface satellite (glass) data-set for environmental studies","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.06.016","article-title":"Evaluation of four long time-series global leaf area index products","volume":"246","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agricult. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3004","article-title":"Greening of the earth and its drivers","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.05.036","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and responses to recent climate change in xinjiang using leaf area index as an indicator","volume":"58","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-016-3971-x","article-title":"Using leaf area index (lai) to assess vegetation response to drought in yunnan province of china","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mount. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020927","article-title":"Global data sets of vegetation leaf area index (lai) 3g and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fpar) 3g derived from global inventory modeling and mapping studies (gimms) normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi3g) for the period 1981 to 2011","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-1911-2008","article-title":"Global fire activity patterns (1996\u20132006) and climatic influence: An analysis using the world fire atlas","volume":"8","author":"Page","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmosph. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.025","article-title":"Global night-time fire season timing and fire count trends using the atsr instrument series","volume":"116","author":"Arino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Friedl, M., and Sulla-Menashe, D. (2020, February 04). MCD12Q1 MODIS\/Terra+Aqua Land Cover Type Yearly L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V006. 2019, distributed by NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/MODIS\/MCD12Q1.006."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00078-0","article-title":"Global land cover mapping from modis: Algorithms and early results","volume":"83","author":"Friedl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12945","article-title":"Time-lag effects of global vegetation responses to climate change","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4025","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50355","article-title":"A scpdsi-based global data set of dry and wet spells for 1901\u20132009","volume":"118","author":"Schrier","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmosph."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2004)017<2335:ASPDSI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A self-calibrating palmer drought severity index","volume":"17","author":"Wells","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1633","article-title":"Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models","volume":"3","author":"Dai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3711","article-title":"Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations\u2013the cru ts3. 10 dataset","volume":"34","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2000)013<2217:RTCSTC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Representing twentieth-century space\u2013time climate variability. Part ii: Development of 1901\u201396 monthly grids of terrestrial surface climate","volume":"13","author":"New","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1181","article-title":"An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids","volume":"25","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014425108","article-title":"Spring temperature change and its implication in the change of vegetation growth in north america from 1982 to 2006","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, P., Lister, D., Osborn, T., Harpham, C., Salmon, M., and Morice, C. (2012). Hemispheric and large-scale land-surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2010. J. Geophys. Res. Atmosph., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD017139"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12193","article-title":"Spatial relationship between climatologies and changes in global vegetation activity","volume":"19","author":"Jong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12434","article-title":"Asymmetric effects of daytime and night-time warming on northern hemisphere vegetation","volume":"501","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Beinroth, F.H., Eswaran, H., and Reich, P.F. (2001). Global assessment of land quality. Sustain. Global Farm, 569\u2013574. Available online: https:\/\/topsoil.nserl.purdue.edu\/nserlweb-old\/isco99\/pdf\/ISCOdisc\/SustainingTheGlobalFarm\/P233-Beinroth.pdf."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Hild, S., Chelkowski, S., and Freise, A. (2008). Pushing towards the et sensitivity using \u2018conventional\u2019 technology. arXiv, preprint."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"201","article-title":"The development and initial testing of a quantitative assessment of ecosystem health","volume":"1","author":"Mageau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"201","article-title":"Development and testing of a quantitative assessment of ecosystem health","volume":"1","author":"Mageau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood, S.N. (2006). Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with r, Chapman & Hall\/CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420010404"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahrmeir, L., Kneib, T., Lang, S., and Marx, B. (2013). Regression: Models, Methods and Applications, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34333-9"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Hastie, T.J., and Tibshirani, R.J. (1990). Generalized Additive Models, Chapman & Hall\/CRC."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-02489-130133","article-title":"Quantification of the ecological resilience of drylands using digital remote sensing","volume":"13","author":"Ramsey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Pimm, S.L. (1991). The Balance of Nature? Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Species and Communities, University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s100219900002","article-title":"Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale","volume":"1","author":"Peterson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/35098000","article-title":"Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems","volume":"413","author":"Scheffer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105711","article-title":"Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management","volume":"35","author":"Folke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2011.19372.x","article-title":"Components of tree resilience: Effects of successive low-growth episodes in old ponderosa pine forests","volume":"120","author":"Lloret","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-011-9623-1","article-title":"Spatial resilience: Integrating landscape ecology, resilience, and sustainability","volume":"26","author":"Cumming","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1890\/10-0097.1","article-title":"Disturbance and landscape dynamics in a changing world","volume":"91","author":"Turner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.08.012","article-title":"Temporal persistence in vegetation cover changes observed from satellite: Development of an estimation procedure in the test site of the mediterranean italy","volume":"93","author":"Lanfredi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baho, D., Allen, C., Garmestani, A., Fried-Petersen, H., Renes, S., Gunderson, L., and Angeler, D. (2017). A quantitative framework for assessing ecological resilience. Ecol. Soc., 22.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-09427-220317"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.06.008","article-title":"Resilience in ecology: Abstraction, distraction, or where the action is?","volume":"177","author":"Standish","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deffuant, G., and Gilbert, N. (2011). Viability and Resilience of Complex Systems: Concepts, Methods and Case Studies from Ecology and Society, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20423-4"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9661","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3491","article-title":"Quantifying resilience of multiple ecosystem services and biodiversity in a temperate forest landscape","volume":"7","author":"Cantarello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Evolut."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Liang, S., Li, X., and Wang, J. (2012). Advanced Remote Sensing: Terrestrial Information Extraction and Applications, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12495","article-title":"How to measure ecosystem stability? An evaluation of the reliability of stability metrics based on remote sensing time series across the major global ecosystems","volume":"20","author":"Keersmaecker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/527315a","article-title":"Ecology: Ecosystem responses to climate extremes","volume":"527","author":"Rammig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.01.022","article-title":"Global estimates of evapotranspiration and gross primary production based on modis and global meteorology data","volume":"114","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"140","article-title":"Forest biomass mapping of northeastern china using glas and modis data","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ieee J.-Stars"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.12.011","article-title":"Improvements of the modis terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set","volume":"95","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.425","article-title":"Ecological resilience--in theory and application","volume":"31","author":"Gunderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11836","article-title":"Ecosystem resilience despite large-scale altered hydroclimatic conditions","volume":"494","author":"Moran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00f4t\u00e9, I.M., and Darling, E.S. (2010). Rethinking ecosystem resilience in the face of climate change. PLoS Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000438"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2014.10.008","article-title":"Global satellite monitoring of climate-induced vegetation disturbances","volume":"20","author":"McDowell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1204651110","article-title":"Persistent effects of a severe drought on amazonian forest canopy","volume":"110","author":"Saatchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.1985.tb00890.x","article-title":"Rainfall in the wet-dry tropics: Extreme events at darwin and similarities between years during the period 1870\u20131983 inclusive","volume":"10","author":"Taylor","year":"1985","journal-title":"Aust. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/19.9.591","article-title":"Transpiration increases during the dry season: Patterns of tree water use in eucalypt open-forests of northern australia","volume":"19","author":"Eamus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1890\/11-0889.1","article-title":"Robustness of variance and autocorrelation as indicators of critical slowing down","volume":"93","author":"Dakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"DeAngelis, D. (2012). Dynamics of Nutrient Cycling and Food Webs, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2015.08.009","article-title":"Biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions","volume":"30","author":"Oliver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evolut."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES11-00038.1","article-title":"Disturbance interactions can impact resilience mechanisms of forests","volume":"2","author":"Buma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-017-9416-4","article-title":"Global precipitation: Means, variations and trends during the satellite era (1979\u20132014)","volume":"38","author":"Adler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surveys Geophys."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3727.1","article-title":"Precipitation and temperature variations on the interannual time scale: Assessing the impact of enso and volcanic eruptions","volume":"24","author":"Gu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009930313242","article-title":"What is a healthy ecosystem?","volume":"33","author":"Costanza","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256014","article-title":"Sensing biodiversity","volume":"346","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/4\/595\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:56:53Z","timestamp":1760173013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/4\/595"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12040595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12040595","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]}}}