{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:34:46Z","timestamp":1781112886182,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote sensing technologies can play a fundamental role in the environmental assessment of open-cast mining and the accurate quantification of mine land rehabilitation efforts. Here, we developed a systematic geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) approach to map the amount of revegetated area and quantify the land use changes in open-cast mines in the Caraj\u00e1s region in the eastern Amazon, Brazil. Based on high-resolution satellite images from 2011 to 2015 from different sensors (GeoEye, WorldView-3 and IKONOS), we quantified forests, cangas (natural metalliferous savanna ecosystems), mine land, revegetated areas and water bodies. Based on the GEOBIA approach, threshold values were established to discriminate land cover classes using spectral bands, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI) and a light detection and range sensor (LiDAR) digital terrain model and slope map. The overall accuracy was higher than 90%, and the kappa indices varied between 0.82 and 0.88. During the observation period, the mining complex expanded, which led to the conversion of canga and forest vegetation to mine land. At the same time, the amount of revegetated area increased. Thus, we conclude that our approach is capable of providing consistent information regarding land cover changes in mines, with a special focus on the amount of revegetation necessary to fulfill environmental liabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T03:20:03Z","timestamp":1582168803000},"page":"611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Land Cover Changes in Open-Cast Mining Complexes Based on High-Resolution Remote Sensing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Filipe Silveira","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vale S.A. Mina de \u00c1guas Claras (MAC), Nova Lima, Minas Gerais 34006-270, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Vale. Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1 66055-090, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Gastauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Vale. Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1 66055-090, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0252-808X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Walfir M.","family":"Souza-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Vale. Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1 66055-090, Brazil"},{"name":"Geosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1. Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1 66075-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Wilson R.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Vale. Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1 66055-090, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diogo C.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Vale. Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1 66055-090, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene F.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vale S.A. Ger\u00eancia de Meio Ambiente Corredor Norte, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Maranh\u00e3o 65085-582, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"667","article-title":"Remote sensing in management of mining land and proximate habitat","volume":"112","author":"Koruyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. 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