{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T03:57:46Z","timestamp":1778644666270,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory","award":["6142414180911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6142414180911"]}]},{"name":"Technology Development Program of Jilin Province: Suppression of Polarization Accompanying Interference for Full-Polarimetric Ground Penetrating Radar","award":["20180101091JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180101091JC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Chinese Chang\u2019E-4 mission for moon exploration has been successfully completed. The Chang\u2019E-4 probe achieved the first-ever soft landing on the floor of Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n crater (177.59\u00b0E, 45.46\u00b0S) of the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin on January 3, 2019. Yutu-2 rover is mounted with several scientific instruments including a lunar penetrating radar (LPR), which is an effective instrument to detect the lunar subsurface structure. During the interpretation of LPR data, subsurface velocity of electromagnetic waves is a vital parameter necessary for stratigraphic division and computing other properties. However, the methods in previous research on Chang\u2019E-3 cannot perform velocity analysis automatically and objectively. In this paper, the 3D velocity spectrum is applied to property analysis of LPR data from Chang\u2019E-4. The result shows that 3D velocity spectrum can automatically search for hyperbolas; the maximum value at velocity axis with a soft threshold function can provide the horizontal position, two-way reflected time and velocity of each hyperbola; the average maximum relative error of velocity is estimated to be 7.99%. Based on the estimated velocities of 30 hyperbolas, the structures of subsurface properties are obtained, including velocity, relative permittivity, density, and content of FeO and TiO2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T03:20:03Z","timestamp":1582168803000},"page":"629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Properties Analysis of Lunar Regolith at Chang\u2019E-4 Landing Site Based on 3D Velocity Spectrum of Lunar Penetrating Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5196-987X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zejun","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, No.938 Xi MinZhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory, Wuxi 214035, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7451-9145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, No.938 Xi MinZhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory, Wuxi 214035, China"},{"name":"Institute of National Development and Security Studies, Jilin University, No.2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1887-3171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoqiu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, No.938 Xi MinZhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory, Wuxi 214035, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, No.938 Xi MinZhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration Equipment, Ministry of Education (Jilin University), No.938 Xi MinZhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaofa","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, No.938 Xi MinZhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration Equipment, Ministry of Education (Jilin University), No.938 Xi MinZhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, No.938 Xi MinZhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Institute of National Development and Security Studies, Jilin University, No.2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, No.938 Xi MinZhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Near-Surface Detection Laboratory, Wuxi 214035, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2019.104741","article-title":"Composition, mineralogy and chronology of mare basalts and non-mare materials in Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n crater: Landing site of the Chang\u2019E4 mission","volume":"179","author":"Ling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planet. 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