{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T07:57:07Z","timestamp":1768463827339,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Netherlands Ministry of Defence","award":["BAS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAS"]}]},{"name":"Ministery of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, the Ministery of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy, Rijkswaterstaat, and the Province of Groningen","award":["wind farm projects"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["wind farm projects"]}]},{"name":"Belmont Forum and BiodivERsA","award":["Globam"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Globam"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Weather radars provide detailed information on aerial movements of organisms. However, interpreting fine-scale radar imagery remains challenging because of changes in aerial sampling altitude with distance from the radar. Fine-scale radar imagery has primarily been used to assess mass exodus at sunset to study stopover habitat associations. Here, we present a method that enables a more intuitive integration of information across elevation scans projected in a two-dimensional spatial image of fine-scale radar reflectivity. We applied this method on nights of intense bird migration to demonstrate how the spatial distribution of migrants can be explored at finer spatial scales and across multiple radars during the higher flying en-route phase of migration. The resulting reflectivity maps enable explorative analysis of factors influencing their regional and fine-scale distribution. We illustrate the method\u2019s application by generating time-series of composites of up to 20 radars, achieving a nearly complete spatial coverage of a large part of Northwest Europe. These visualizations are highly useful in interpreting regional-scale migration patterns and provide detailed information on bird movements in the landscape and aerial environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T03:20:03Z","timestamp":1582168803000},"page":"635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["High-Resolution Spatial Distribution of Bird Movements Estimated from a Weather Radar Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8303-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"Kranstauber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5250-8872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Willem","family":"Bouten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7835-4480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidde","family":"Leijnse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&amp;D Observations and Data Technology, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Berend-Christiaan","family":"Wijers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Verlinden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1652-7646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judy","family":"Shamoun-Baranes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6573-066X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriaan M.","family":"Dokter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/bix074","article-title":"From Agricultural Benefits to Aviation Safety: Realizing the Potential of Continent-Wide Radar Networks","volume":"67","author":"Bauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.04125","article-title":"Aeroecology meets aviation safety: Early warning systems in Europe and the Middle East prevent collisions between birds and aircraft","volume":"42","author":"Gasteren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0666-4","article-title":"Seasonal abundance and survival of North America\u2019s migratory avifauna determined by weather radar","volume":"2","author":"Dokter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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