{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:24:13Z","timestamp":1771514653734,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013388","name":"Office National d'\u00e9tudes et de Recherches A\u00e9rospatiales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30221001F - 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30221001F - 2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013388","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents a novel methodology for the characterization of tree vegetation phenology, based on vegetation indices time series reconstruction and adapted to urban areas. The methodology is based on a pixel by pixel curve fitting classification, together with a subsequent Savitzky\u2013Golay filtering of raw phenological curves from pixels classified as vegetation. Moreover, the new method is conceived to face specificities of urban environments such as: the high heterogeneity of impervious\/natural elements, the 3D structure of the city inducing shadows, the restricted spatial extent of individual tree crowns and the strong biodiversity of urban vegetation. Three vegetation indices have been studied: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Red Edge Index 1 (NDRE1), which are mainly linked to chlorophyll content and leaf density and Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) mostly correlated to water content and leaf density. The methodology has been designed to allow the analysis of annual and intra-annual vegetation phenological dynamics. Then, different annual and intra-annual criteria for phenology characterization are proposed and criticized. To show the applicability of the methodology, this article focuses on Sentinel-2 (S-2) imagery covering 2018 and the study of groups of London planes in an alignment structure in the French city of Toulouse. Results showed that the new method allows the ability to 1) describe the heterogeneity of phenologies from London planes exposed to different environmental conditions (urban canyons, proximity with a source of water) and 2) to detect intra-annual phenological dynamics linked to changes in meteorological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T03:20:03Z","timestamp":1582168803000},"page":"639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Phenological Dynamics Characterization of Alignment Trees with Sentinel-2 Imagery: A Vegetation Indices Time Series Reconstruction Methodology Adapted to Urban Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Granero-Belinchon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ONERA-Department of Theoretical and Applied Optics, University of Toulouse, FR-31055 Toulouse, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6514-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karine","family":"Adeline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ONERA-Department of Theoretical and Applied Optics, University of Toulouse, FR-31055 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Aude","family":"Lemonsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de Recherches M\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques, Meteo-France-CNRS, FR-31057 Toulouse, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1229-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Briottet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ONERA-Department of Theoretical and Applied Optics, University of Toulouse, FR-31055 Toulouse, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2015.04.029","article-title":"Toward the sustainable development of urban areas: An overview of global trends in trials and policies","volume":"48","author":"Hassan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3843\/SusDev.15.4:12","article-title":"Plants in urban ecosystems: Essential role of urban forests in urban metabolism and succession toward sustainability","volume":"15","author":"Manning","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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