{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:44:04Z","timestamp":1760237044382,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41775045, 41975020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41775045, 41975020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The distribution of tropospheric moisture in the environment is highly associated with storm development. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the uncertainty of moisture fields from numerical weather prediction (NWP) models for better understanding and enhancing storm prediction. With water vapor absorption band radiance measurements from the advanced imagers onboard the new generation of geostationary weather satellites, it is possible to quantitatively evaluate the environmental moisture fields from NWP models. Three NWP models\u2014Global Forecast System (GFS), Unified Model (UM), Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)\u2014are evaluated with brightness temperature (BT) measurements from the three moisture channels of Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) onboard the Himawari-8 satellite for Typhoon Linfa (2015) case. It is found that the three NWP models have similar performance for lower tropospheric moisture, and GFS has a smaller bias for middle tropospheric moisture. Besides, there is a close relationship between moisture forecasts in the environment and the tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasts in GFS, while regional WRF does not show this pattern. When the infrared and microwave sounder radiance measurements from polar orbit satellite are assimilated in regional WRF, it is clearly shown that the environment moisture fields are improved compared with that with only conventional data are assimilated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T03:20:03Z","timestamp":1582168803000},"page":"670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of Environmental Moisture from NWP Models with Measurements from Advanced Geostationary Satellite Imager\u2014A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Meteorological Information Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenglong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5216-407X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunheng","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3905-1505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2634.1","article-title":"Earth\u2019s Global Energy Budget","volume":"90","author":"Trenberth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. 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