{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:24:32Z","timestamp":1783340672521,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program ( 2018YFC1506506), the Frontier Project of Applied Foundation of Wuhan (2019020701011502), the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2019CFB736), the fundamental Research Fu","award":["This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program ( 2018YFC1506506), the Frontier Project of Applied Foundation of Wuhan (2019020701011502), the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2019CFB736), the fundamental Research Fu"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program ( 2018YFC1506506), the Frontier Project of Applied Foundation of Wuhan (2019020701011502), the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2019CFB736), the fundamental Research Fu"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In flood-prone areas, the delineation of the spatial pattern of historical flood extents, damage assessment, and flood durations allow planners to anticipate potential threats from floods and to formulate strategies to mitigate or abate these events. The Chenab plain in the Punjab region of Pakistan is particularly prone to flooding but is understudied. It experienced its worst riverine flood in recorded history in September 2014. The present study applies Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques to estimate the riverine flood extent and duration and assess the resulting damage using Landsat-8 data. The Landsat-8 images were acquired for the pre-flooding, co-flooding, and post-flooding periods for the comprehensive analysis and delineation of flood extent, damage assessment, and duration. We used supervised classification to determine land use\/cover changes, and the satellite-derived modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) to detect flooded areas and duration. The analysis permitted us to calculate flood inundation, damages to built-up areas, and agriculture, as well as the flood duration and recession. The results also reveal that the floodwaters remained in the study area for almost two months, which further affected cultivation and increased the financial cost. Our study provides an empirical basis for flood response assessment and rehabilitation efforts in future events. Thus, the integrated RS and GIS techniques with supporting datasets make substantial contributions to flood monitoring and damage assessment in Pakistan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T10:49:16Z","timestamp":1582282156000},"page":"714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Operational Monitoring and Damage Assessment of Riverine Flood-2014 in the Lower Chenab Plain, Punjab, Pakistan, Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1921-8213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asif","family":"Sajjad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6432-8481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8312-6693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chikondi","family":"Chisenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Ndata School of Climate and Earth Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Limbe P.O. Box 5196, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3504-544X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayyer","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hammad","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044019","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/4\/044019","article-title":"Assessing flood risk at the global scale: Model setup, results, and sensitivity","volume":"8","author":"Ward","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. 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