{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T19:27:33Z","timestamp":1778354853552,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]],"date-time":"2020-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The common statistical methods for rail tunnel deformation and disease detection usually require a large amount of equipment and manpower to achieve full section detection, which are time consuming and inefficient. The development trend in the industry is to use laser scanning for full section detection. In this paper, a design scheme for a tunnel monitoring and measuring system with laser scanning as the main sensor for tunnel environmental disease and deformation analysis is proposed. The system provides functions such as tunnel point cloud collection, section deformation analysis, dislocation analysis, disease extraction, tunnel and track image generation, roaming video generation, etc. Field engineering indicated that the repeatability of the convergence diameter detection of the system can reach \u00b12 mm, dislocation repeatability can reach \u00b13 mm, the image resolution is about 0.5 mm\/pixel in the ballast part, and the resolution of the inner wall of the tunnel is about 1.5 mm\/pixel. The system can include human\u2013computer interaction to extract and label diseases or appurtenances and support the generation of thematic disease maps. The developed system can provide important technical support for deformation and disease detection of rail transit tunnels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T03:33:43Z","timestamp":1582515223000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Tunnel Monitoring and Measuring System Using Mobile Laser Scanning: Design and Deployment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Haili","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Key Laboratory of 3D Information Acquisition and Application, MOE, College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengwen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lianbi","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruofei","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Key Laboratory of 3D Information Acquisition and Application, MOE, College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Key Laboratory of 3D Information Acquisition and Application, MOE, College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4985-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hangbin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Xu, Z. 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