{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T13:55:40Z","timestamp":1776693340696,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the change of marine environment due to climate change and declining primary productivity have been big concerns in the East\/Japan Sea, Korea. However, the main causes for the recent changes are still not revealed clearly. The particulate organic carbon (POC) to chlorophyll-a (chl-a) ratio (POC:chl-a) could be a useful indicator for ecological and physiological conditions of phytoplankton communities and thus help us to understand the recent reduction of primary productivity in the East\/Japan Sea. To derive the POC in the East\/Japan Sea from a satellite dataset, the new regional POC algorithm was empirically derived with in-situ measured POC concentrations. A strong positive linear relationship (R2 = 0.6579) was observed between the estimated and in-situ measured POC concentrations. Our new POC algorithm proved a better performance in the East\/Japan Sea compared to the previous one for the global ocean. Based on the new algorithm, long-term POC:chl-a ratios were obtained in the entire East\/Japan Sea from 2003 to 2018. The POC:chl-a showed a strong seasonal variability in the East\/Japan Sea. The spring and fall blooms of phytoplankton mainly driven by the growth of large diatoms seem to be a major factor for the seasonal variability in the POC:chl-a. Our new regional POC algorithm modified for the East\/Japan Sea could potentially contribute to long-term monitoring for the climate-associated ecosystem changes in the East\/Japan Sea. Although the new regional POC algorithm shows a good correspondence with in-situ observed POC concentrations, the algorithm should be further improved with continuous field surveys.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12050840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T07:33:46Z","timestamp":1583480026000},"page":"840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Estimation of the Particulate Organic Carbon to Chlorophyll-a Ratio Using MODIS-Aqua in the East\/Japan Sea, South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dabin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea"}]},{"given":"SeungHyun","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRA, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}]},{"given":"HuiTae","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceanic Climate and Ecology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea"}]},{"given":"Kwanwoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea"}]},{"given":"Myung Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea"}]},{"given":"Hyo Keun","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5435-358X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi Sun","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"}]},{"given":"Chang-Keun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences &amp; Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2445-0690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Heon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-006-0005-2","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability of satellite primary production in the Japan Sea from 1998 to 2002","volume":"61","author":"Yamada","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2009.02.014","article-title":"Why is the southwest the most productive region of the East Sea\/Sea of Japan?","volume":"78","author":"Yoo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4405","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-10-4405-2013","article-title":"Monthly measured primary and new productivities in the Ulleung Basin as a biological \u201chot spot\u201d in the East\/Japan Sea","volume":"10","author":"Kwak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1134\/S0001437014060058","article-title":"Decadal changes of phytoplankton chlorophyll-a in the East Sea\/Sea of Japan","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oceanology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC009862","article-title":"Long-term annual primary production in the Ulleung Basin as a biological hot spot in the East\/Japan Sea","volume":"119","author":"Joo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013078","article-title":"Warming and structural changes in the east (Japan) sea: A clue to future changes in global oceans?","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2016.12.001","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the biochemical compositions of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in the southwestern East\/Japan Sea","volume":"143","author":"Jo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Deep. Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, D.J., Park, S., Kim, Y.G., Kim, K., and Kim, K.R. (2003). A moving-boundary box model (MBBM) for oceans in change: An application to the East\/Japan Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL016486"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1987.tb04788.x","article-title":"Light and temperature dependence of the carbon to chlorophyll a ratio in microalgae and cyanobacteria: Implications for physiology and growth of phytoplankton","volume":"106","author":"Geider","year":"1987","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/11.5.1037","article-title":"The carbon and chlorophyll content of phytoplankton from various nutrient regimes","volume":"11","author":"Riemann","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10338","article-title":"Carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio for phytoplankton in temperate coastal waters: Seasonal patterns and relationship to nutrients","volume":"61","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2112\/SI90-033.1","article-title":"Comparison of Particulate Organic Carbon to Chlorophyll-a Ratio Based on the Ocean Color Satellite Data at the Ieodo and Socheongcho Ocean Research Stations","volume":"90","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1992.00481.x","article-title":"Effects of variation in temperature. I. on the biochemical composition of eight species of marine phytoplankton","volume":"28","author":"Thompson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-6-391-2009","article-title":"Regulation of phytoplankton carbon to chlorophyll ratio by light, nutrients and temperature in the equatorial pacific ocean: A basin-scale model","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0637(98)00065-X","article-title":"Refractive index of planktonic cells as a measure of cellular carbon and chlorophyll a content","volume":"46","author":"Stramski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Deep. Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07998","article-title":"Carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio and growth rate of phytoplankton in the sea","volume":"383","author":"Sathyendranath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.02.015","article-title":"Size-partitioned phytoplankton carbon and carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio from ocean colour by an absorption-based bio-optical algorithm","volume":"194","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-5-171-2008","article-title":"Relationships between the surface concentration of particulate organic carbon and optical properties in the eastern South Pacific and eastern Atlantic Oceans","volume":"5","author":"Stramski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2017.04.009","article-title":"Seasonal carbon uptake rates of phytoplankton in the northern East\/Japan Sea","volume":"143","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Deep. Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Parsons, T.R., Maita, C.M., and Lalli, C.M. (1984). A Manual of Chemical & Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis, Pergamon Press."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Laboratory, Ocean Biology Processing Group (2018). Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua Chlorophyll Data, NASA OB.DAAC."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Laboratory, Ocean Biology Processing Group (2018). Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua Remote-Sensing Reflectance Data, NASA OB.DAAC."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.1979.tb02975.x","article-title":"Effect of light and temperature interactions on growth of cryptomonas erosa (cryptophyceae) 1","volume":"15","author":"Morgan","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(83)90054-0","article-title":"Light-limited growth of two strains of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin: Chemical composition, carbon partitioning and the diel periodicity of physiological processes","volume":"68","author":"Terry","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00387494","article-title":"The concept of light intensity adaptation in marine phytoplankton: Some experiments with Phaeodactylum tricornutum","volume":"37","author":"Beardall","year":"1976","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.1993.tb00279.x","article-title":"Light absorption and quantum yield for growth in five species of marine macroalga","volume":"29","author":"Markager","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1998.43.4.0679","article-title":"A dynamic regulatory model of phytoplanktonic acclimation to light, nutrients, and temperature","volume":"43","author":"Geider","year":"1998","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"8141","article-title":"Primary production, new production, and growth rate in the equatorial Pacific: Changes from mesotrophic to oligotrophic regime","volume":"108","author":"Leynaert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. C Oceans"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GB002299","article-title":"Carbon-based ocean productivity and phytoplankton physiology from space","volume":"19","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2006.01.020","article-title":"Optimality-based modeling of nitrogen allocation and photoacclimation in photosynthesis","volume":"53","author":"Armstrong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Deep. Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2000.45.3.0591","article-title":"Nutrient and temperature control of the contribution of picoplankton to phytoplankton biomass and production","volume":"45","author":"Agawin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-14-3705-2017","article-title":"Small phytoplankton contribution to the standing stocks and the total primary production in the Amundsen Sea","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2009.02.013","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability in the pelagic ecosystem of the East Sea (Sea of Japan): A review","volume":"78","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joo, H.T., Son, S.H., Park, J.W., Kang, J.J., Jeong, J.Y., Lee, C., Kang, C.K., and Lee, S.H. (2016). Long-term pattern of primary productivity in the East\/Japan sea based on ocean color data derived from MODIS-Aqua. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010025"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, K.-I., Zhang, C.-I., Park, C., Kang, D.-J., Ju, S.-J., Lee, S.-H., and Wimbush, M. (2016). Oceanography of the East Sea (Japan Sea), Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22720-7"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03022403","article-title":"On Conditions of Phytoplankton Blooms in the Coastal Waters of the North-Western East\/Japan Sea","volume":"41","author":"Zuenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ocean Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2004.06.001","article-title":"Seasonal and interannual variability of sea surface chlorophyll a concentration in the Japan\/East Sea (JES)","volume":"61","author":"Yamada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2014.07.004","article-title":"Spatial distribution of seasonality of SeaWiFS chlorophyll-a concentrations in the East\/Japan Sea","volume":"139","author":"Jo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/5\/840\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:04:25Z","timestamp":1760173465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/5\/840"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12050840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12050840","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]}}}