{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:35:43Z","timestamp":1780104943545,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1504805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1504805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41731066, 41874005, 41929001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41731066, 41874005, 41929001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Pusa landslide, in Guizhou, China, occurred on 28 August 2017, caused 26 deaths with 9 missing. However, few studies about the pre-event surface deformation are provided because of the complex landslide formation and failure mechanism. To retrieve the precursory signal of this landslide, we recovered pre-event deformation with multi-sensor synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. First, we delineated the boundary and source area of the Pusa landslide based on the coherence and SAR intensity maps. Second, we detected the line-of-sight (LOS) deformation rate and time series before the Pusa landslide with ALOS\/PALSAR-2 and Sentinel-1A\/B SAR imagery data, where we found that the onset of the deformation is four months before landslide event. Finally, we conceptualized the failure mechanism of the Pusa landslide as the joint effects of rainfall and mining activity. This research provides new insights into the failure mechanism and early warning of rock avalanches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12050856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T09:26:41Z","timestamp":1583486801000},"page":"856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Pre-Event Deformation and Failure Mechanism Analysis of the Pusa Landslide, China with Multi-Sensor SAR Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Liquan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengsheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9772-7748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiguo","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-018-1084-z","article-title":"The \u201clong\u201d runout rock avalanche in Pusa, China, on 28 August 2017: A preliminary report","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-006-0572-y","article-title":"Spatial pattern of Karst rock desertification in the Middle of Guizhou Province, Southwestern China","volume":"52","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-2851-2013","article-title":"Pre-, co-, and post-rockslide analysis with ALOS\/PALSAR imagery: A case study of the Jiweishan rockslide, China","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondini, A.C., Santangelo, M., Rocchetti, M., Rossetto, E., Manconi, A., and Monserrat, O. (2019). Sentinel-1 SAR amplitude imagery for rapid landslide detection. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070760"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14576","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71114576","article-title":"Exploitation of amplitude and phase of satellite SAR images for landslide mapping: The case of Montescaglioso (South Italy)","volume":"7","author":"Raspini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1785\/0220150152","article-title":"Rapid Damage Mapping for the 2015 M w 7.8 Gorkha Earthquake Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Data from COSMO\u2013SkyMed and ALOS-2 Satellites","volume":"86","author":"Yun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-019-01152-4","article-title":"Post-disaster assessment of 2017 catastrophic Xinmo landslide (China) by spaceborne SAR interferometry","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.08.004","article-title":"Monitoring land subsidence in Yangon, Myanmar using Sentinel-1 persistent scatterer interferometry and assessment of driving mechanisms","volume":"217","author":"Horst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, M.M., Zhao, C.Y., Zhang, Q., Lu, Z., and Li, Z.S. (2019). Research on Spatiotemporal Land Deformation (2012\u20132018) over Xi\u2019an, China, with Multi-Sensor SAR Datasets. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060664"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, Y., Zhao, C.Y., Zhang, Q., Lu, Z., and Li, B. (2017). Application of InSAR techniques to an analysis of the Guanling landslide. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9101046"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X.J., Zhao, C.Y., Zhang, Q., Peng, J.B., Zhu, W., and Lu, Z. (2018). Multi-Temporal Loess Landslide Inventory Mapping with C-, X-and L-Band SAR Datasets\u2014A Case Study of Heifangtai Loess Landslides, China. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111756"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0882-z","article-title":"Mapping of slow landslides on the Palos Verdes Peninsula using the California landslide inventory and persistent scatterer interferometry","volume":"15","author":"Bouali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.05.025","article-title":"Large-area landslide detection and monitoring with ALOS\/PALSAR imagery data over Northern California and Southern Oregon, USA","volume":"124","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0914-8","article-title":"Measuring precursory movements of the recent Xinmo landslide in Mao County, China with Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 datasets","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, C.Y., Kang, Y., Zhang, Q., Lu, Z., and Li, B. (2018). Landslide identification and monitoring along the Jinsha River catchment (Wudongde reservoir area), China, using the InSAR method. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10070993"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-019-01265-w","article-title":"Heifangtai loess landslide type and failure mode analysis with ascending and descending Spot-mode TerraSAR-X datasets","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0915-7","article-title":"The Maoxian landslide as seen from space: Detecting precursors of failure with Sentinel-1 data","volume":"15","author":"Intrieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.140","article-title":"Mapping and characterizing displacements of active loess slopes along the upstream Yellow River with multi-temporal InSAR datasets","volume":"674","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"996","article-title":"Research on loess landslide identification, monitoring and failure mode with InSAR technique in Heifangtai, Gansu","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5062704","article-title":"Characterization of landslide deformations in three gorges area using multiple InSAR data stacks","volume":"5","author":"Tantianuparp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bru, G., Escayo, J., Fern\u00e1ndez, J., Mallorqui, J.J., Iglesias, R., Sansosti, E., Abajo, T., and Morales, A. (2018). Suitability assessment of X-band satellite SAR data for geotechnical monitoring of site scale slow moving landslides. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060936"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.10.006","article-title":"Detecting seasonal landslide movement within the Cascade landslide complex (Washington) using time-series SAR imagery","volume":"187","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y.K., Kim, J., George, D.L., and Lu, Z. (2019). Characterizing Seasonally Rainfall-Driven Movement of a Translational Landslide using SAR Imagery and SMAP Soil Moisture. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202347"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-5529-1","article-title":"Processes and behaviors of block topple avalanches resulting from carbonate slope failures due to underground mining","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"223","article-title":"The Pusa rock avalanche on August 28, 2017 in Zhangjiawan Nayong County, Guizhou: Characteristics and failure mechanism","volume":"26","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanssen, R.F. (2001). Radar Interferometry: Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47633-9"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.07.032","article-title":"Forest stem volume estimation using C-band interferometric SAR coherence data of the ERS-1 mission 3-days repeat-interval phase","volume":"216","author":"Santoro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Ulaby, F.T., Moore, R.K., and Fung, A.K. (1986). Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Volume III, From Theory to Applications, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110040035","article-title":"Study of high SAR backscattering due to an increase of soil moisture over less vegetated area, its implication for characteristic of backscattering","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/19479832.2010.499219","article-title":"Radar image and data fusion for natural hazards characterisation","volume":"1","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Data Fusion"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.02.009","article-title":"The potential of more accurate InSAR covariance matrix estimation for land cover mapping","volume":"126","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2336237","article-title":"Fast statistically homogeneous pixel selection for covariance matrix estimation for multitemporal InSAR","volume":"53","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam, N., Eineder, M., Yague-Martinez, N., and Bamler, R. (2008, January 7\u201311). High resolution interferometric stacking with TerraSAR-X. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2008), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2008.4778941"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JB001831","article-title":"Fault creep along the southern San Andreas from interferometric synthetic aperture radar, permanent scatterers, and stacking","volume":"108","author":"Lyons","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.873207","article-title":"On the extension of the minimum cost flow algorithm for phase unwrapping of multitemporal differential SAR interferograms","volume":"44","author":"Pepe","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Ouyang, G., and Lan, Z.X. (2009). Construction Report Design of Collapse Geological Hazard Treatment Project of Pusa Coal Mine in Zhangjiawan Town, Nayong County, Guizhou Dikuang Engineering Investigation Corporation. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Ouyang, G., and Wang, J. (2010). Mining Landscape Environmental Protection and Reservoir Recovery Scheme of Pusa Coal Mine in Zhangjiawan Town, Nayong County, Guizhou Dikuang Engineering Investigation Corporation. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.733.446","article-title":"Study of Guizhou Province Guanling Daz-Hai Landslide Instability Process under the Rainstorm","volume":"733","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-009-0194-1","article-title":"The genetic mechanism of a translational landslide","volume":"68","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2016.01.013","article-title":"Effects of rainwater softening on red mudstone of deep-seated landslide, Southwest China","volume":"204","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-012-2204-1","article-title":"Laboratory investigation of disintegration characteristics of purple mudstone under different hydrothermal conditions","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/5\/856\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:04:51Z","timestamp":1760173491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/5\/856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12050856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12050856","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]}}}