{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T20:32:12Z","timestamp":1784233932144,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK W 1237-N23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK W 1237-N23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The morphometric characteristics of the Kalv\u0101r\u012b basin were analyzed to prioritize sub-basins based on their susceptibility to erosion by water using a remote sensing-based data and a GIS. The morphometric parameters (MPs)\u2014linear, relief, and shape\u2014of the drainage network were calculated using data from the Advanced Land-observing Satellite (ALOS) phased-array L-type synthetic-aperture radar (PALSAR) digital elevation model (DEM) with a spatial resolution of 12.5 m. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) was used to generate the DEM. These parameters revealed the network\u2019s texture, morpho-tectonics, geometry, and relief characteristics. A complex proportional assessment of alternatives (COPRAS)-analytical hierarchy process (AHP) novel-ensemble multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model was used to rank sub-basins and to identify the major MPs that significantly influence erosion landforms of the Kalv\u0101r\u012b drainage basin. The results show that in evolutionary terms this is a youthful landscape. Rejuvenation has influenced the erosional development of the basin, but lithology and relief, structure, and tectonics have determined the drainage patterns of the catchment. Results of the AHP model indicate that slope and drainage density influence erosion in the study area. The COPRAS-AHP ensemble model results reveal that sub-basin 1 is the most susceptible to soil erosion (SE) and that sub-basin 5 is least susceptible. The ensemble model was compared to the two individual models using the Spearman correlation coefficient test (SCCT) and the Kendall Tau correlation coefficient test (KTCCT). To evaluate the prediction accuracy of the ensemble model, its results were compared to results generated by the modified Pacific Southwest Inter-Agency Committee (MPSIAC) model in each sub-basin. Based on SCCT and KTCCT, the ensemble model was better at ranking sub-basins than the MPSIAC model, which indicated that sub-basins 1 and 4, with mean sediment yields of 943.7 and 456.3      m 3    km   \u2212 2 \u00a0     year   \u2212 1      , respectively, have the highest and lowest SE susceptibility in the study area. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the most sensitive parameters of the MPSIAC model are slope (R2 = 0.96), followed by runoff (R2 = 0.95). The MPSIAC shows that the ensemble model has a high prediction accuracy. The method tested here has been shown to be an effective tool to improve sustainable soil management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12050874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T11:59:36Z","timestamp":1583841576000},"page":"874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Morphometric Analysis for Soil Erosion Susceptibility Mapping Using Novel GIS-Based Ensemble Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1142-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Arabameri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomorphology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9342-6550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John P.","family":"Tiefenbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1860-8458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Blaschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics\u2013Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9863-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biswajeet","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007 NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Energy and Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University, Choongmu-gwan, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5161-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieu","family":"Tien Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.18172\/cig.3169","article-title":"Assessing hillslope-channel connectivity in an agricultural catchment using rare-earth oxide tracers and random forests models","volume":"43","author":"Masselink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cuadernos de Investigaci\u00f3n Geogr\u00e1fica"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Tripathi, R.P. (2001). Soil Erosion and Conservation, New Age International Ltd."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Morgan, R. (1986). Soil Erosion and Conservation, Longman Scientific and Technical."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2011.09.007","article-title":"Soil erosion assessment on tillage and alternative soil managements in a Sicilian vineyard","volume":"117","author":"Novara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2010.10.002","article-title":"Interrill erosion of carbon and phosphorus from conventionally and organically farmed Devon silt soils","volume":"91","author":"Kuhn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"443","article-title":"Soil Erosion Threatens Food Production","volume":"3","author":"Pimentel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"FAO (1984). Forest resources of the world. Unasylva, 2, 161\u2013182."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2019, February 12). National Geosciences Database. Available online: www.ngdir.ir."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5194\/soil-2-111-2016","article-title":"The significance of soils and soil science towards realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"2","author":"Keesstra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"UNEP (1997). World Atlas of Desertification, Arnold. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02990738","article-title":"Morphometric Analysis of Sub-Watersheds in Gurdaspur District, Punjab Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques","volume":"33","author":"Chopra","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-011-0147-6","article-title":"Water Harvesting Structure Positioning by Using Geo- Visualization Concept and Prioritization of Mini-Watersheds through Morphometric Analysis in the Lower Tapi Basin","volume":"40","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-013-0129-7","article-title":"Prioritizing erosion-prone area through morphometric analysis: An RS and GIS perspective","volume":"4","author":"Gajbhiye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1029\/TR013i001p00350","article-title":"Drainage Basin Characteristics","volume":"13","author":"Horton","year":"1932","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1945)56[275:EDOSAT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Erosional Development of Streams and Their Drainage Basins; Hydrophysical Approach to Quantitative Morphology","volume":"56","author":"Horton","year":"1945","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1952)63[923:DBOG]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Dynamic Basis of Geomorphology","volume":"63","author":"Strahler","year":"1952","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1029\/TR038i006p00913","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Watershed Geomorphology","volume":"38","author":"Strahler","year":"1957","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Chow, V. (1964). Quantitative Geomorphology of Drainage Basins and Channel Networks. Handbook of Applied Hydrology, McGraw Hill."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Miller, V. (1953). A Quantitative Geomorphic Study of Drainage Basin Characteristics in the Clinch Mountain Area, Virginia and Tennessee, Columbia University, Department of Geology, ONR. Project NR 389\u2013402, Technical Report 3."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1956)67[597:EODSAS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Evolution of Drainage Systems and Slopes in Badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey","volume":"67","author":"Schumm","year":"1956","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"GIS-Based Morphometric Analysis of Two Major Watersheds, Western Crete, Greece","volume":"15","author":"Kouli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Clark, J. (1966). Morphometry from Maps. Essays in Geomorphology, Heinemann."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"179","article-title":"Morphometric Analysis of Gostani River Basin in AndhraPradesh State, India Using Spatial Information Technology","volume":"1","author":"Nageswara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Geomat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2012.03.014","article-title":"Morpho-Hydrographic Analyze of Black Sea Catchment Area in Bulgaria","volume":"14","author":"Ivanoua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-011-1457-2","article-title":"Morphometrical Analysis of Two Tropical River Basins of Contrasting Environmental Settings, the Southern Western Ghats, India","volume":"66","author":"Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"841","article-title":"Drainage Characteristics of Achankovil River Basin, Kerala","volume":"71","author":"Manu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geol. Soc. India"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-008-1235-y","article-title":"Evaluation of Morphometric Parameters of Drainage Networks Derived from Topographic Maps and DEM in Point of Floods","volume":"56","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11852-010-0118-z","article-title":"Geo-Enviornmental Hazards Assessment of the North Western Gulf of Suez, Egypt","volume":"15","author":"Arnous","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coast. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-010-0551-1","article-title":"Flash Flood Risk Estimation along the St. Katherine Road, Southern Sinai, Egypt Using GIS Based Morphometry and Satellite Imagery","volume":"62","author":"Youssef","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-010-0156-8","article-title":"Morphometric Analysis and Flash Floods of Wadi Sudr and Wadi Wardan, Gulf of Suez, Egypt: Using Digital Elevation Model","volume":"5","author":"Sherief","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for locating fire stations: Case Study Maku City","volume":"2","author":"Arabameri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Merit Res. J. Arts Soc. Sci. Humanit."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"45","article-title":"Zoning Mashhad Watershed for Artificial Recharge of Underground Aquifers Using Topsis Model and GIS Technique","volume":"14","author":"Arabameri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. J. Hum. Soc. Sci. B Geogr. Geo Sci. Environ. Sci. Disaster Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-017-7177-5","article-title":"Applying different scenarios for landslide spatial modeling using computational intelligence methods","volume":"76","author":"Arabameri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2018.1513084","article-title":"Identification of erosion-prone areas using different multi-criteria decision-making techniques and GIS","volume":"9","author":"Arabameri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.021","article-title":"A comparison of statistical methods and multi-criteria decision making to map flood hazard susceptibility in Northern Iran","volume":"660","author":"Arabameri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.115","article-title":"GIS-based groundwater potential mapping in Shahroud plain, Iran. A comparison among statistical (bivariate and multivariate), data mining and MCDM approaches","volume":"658","author":"Arabameri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-011-0408-2","article-title":"Terrain Evaluation through the Assessment of Morphometric Parameters Using DEM and GIS: Case Study of Two Major Sub-Watersheds in Attapady, South India","volume":"6","author":"Prasannakumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3193-x","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Morphometric Parameters of Kali River Basin, Sothern India, Using Bearing Azimuth and Drainage (bAd) Calculator and GIS","volume":"72","author":"Markose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2006.0011","article-title":"Determination of the Drainage Basin Characteristics Using Vector GIS","volume":"37","author":"Apaydin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nord. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-012-0179-x","article-title":"Estimation of Geomorphological Parameters of Lower Zab Riverk-Basin by Using GIS Based Remotely Sensed Image","volume":"27","author":"Saeedrashed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"168","article-title":"Object-based Monitoring of Gully Extent and Volume in North Austrailia using LIDAR Data","volume":"1","author":"Johansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"GEOBIA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.2017.1286936","article-title":"Comparison and Validation of Digital Elevation Models Derived from InSAR for a Flat Inland Delta in the High Latitudes of Northern Canada","volume":"43","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-3004(87)90030-6","article-title":"Morphometric Processing of Digital Elevation Model","volume":"13","author":"Franklin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/10106040508542333","article-title":"Geomorphometry of Cerro Sillajhauy (Andes, Chile\/Bolivia): Comparison of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) from ASTER Remote Sensing Data and Contour Maps","volume":"20","author":"Kamp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-012-1884-8","article-title":"Morphometric Analysis of Morar River Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India, Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques","volume":"68","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-4012-2","article-title":"Morphometry and land cover based multicriteria analysis for assessing the soil erosion susceptibility of the western Himalayan watershed","volume":"186","author":"Altaf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-017-2847-x","article-title":"Assessing the influence of watershed characteristics on soil erosion susceptibility of Jhelum basin in Kashmir Himalayas","volume":"10","author":"Farooq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2019, July 15). I.R. of Iran Meteorological Organization (IRIMO). Available online: http:\/\/www.mazandaranmet.ir."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2019, July 15). Geology Survey of Iran (GSI). Available online: http:\/\/www.gsi.ir\/Main\/Lang_en\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Soil Survey Staff (2014). Keys to Soil Taxonomy, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service. [12th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B4-281-2012","article-title":"Validation of the ASTER global digital elevation model version 2 over the conterminous United States","volume":"4","author":"Gesch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02826985","article-title":"A case study of using external DEM in InSAR DEM generation","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geo Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2012.01.031","article-title":"Constructing DEM based on InSAR and the relationship between InSAR DEM\u2019s precision and terrain factors","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1974.9516","article-title":"Synthetic Interferometer Radar for Topographic Mapping","volume":"62","author":"Graham","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2007.02.002","article-title":"Use of SAR interferometry for detecting and assessing ground subsidence","volume":"339","author":"Raucoules","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Geosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2005.12.003","article-title":"Delimitation of Ground Failure Zones due to Land Subsidence Using Gravity Data and Finite Element Modeling in the Quer\u00e9taro Valley, Mexico","volume":"84","author":"Rojas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s12303-018-0067-3","article-title":"Spatial prediction of gully erosion using ALOS PALSAR data and ensemble bivariate and data mining models","volume":"23","author":"Arabameri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geosci. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2018.00089","article-title":"Evaluating the influence of gridding techniques for Digital Elevation Models generation on the debris flow routing modeling: A case study from Rovina di Cancia basin (North-eastern Italian Alps)","volume":"6","author":"Boreggio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/19475683.2019.1588781","article-title":"Comparison of different spatial interpolation methods for historical hydrographic data of the lowermost Mississipi River","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. GIS"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"134","article-title":"The comparative analysis of MCDA methods SAW and COPRAS","volume":"22","author":"Podvezko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inz. Ekon. Eng. Econ."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"104","article-title":"Gear material selection using complex proportional assessment and additive ratio assessment-based approaches: A comparative study","volume":"1","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"102","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of Research Assistants by Copras Method","volume":"4","author":"Ress","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.04.032","article-title":"Gully erosion susceptibility mapping using GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis techniques","volume":"180","author":"Arabameri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catena."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L. (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw-Hill.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA214804"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szmidt, E., and Kacprzyk, J. (2011). The Spearman and Kendall rank correlation coefficients between intuitionist fuzzy sets. Aix-Les-Bains, Atlantis Press.","DOI":"10.2991\/eusflat.2011.85"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-015-0954-6","article-title":"Comparison of different multi criteria decision-making models in prioritizing flood management alternatives","volume":"29","author":"Chitsaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Pacific Southwest Inter-Agency Committee (1968). Report on Factors Affecting Sediment Yield in the Pacific Southwest Area and Selection and Evaluation of Measures for the Reduction of Erosion and Sediment Yield, Water Management Subcommittee, Sedimentation Task Force, The Committee Publisher."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"PSIAC Report (2000). Sediment Assessment and Evaluation Study for Lake Louise and Cottonwood Lake Hand, Hyde, Faulk, and Spink Counties South Dakota, United States Department of Agriculture Natural Recourses Conservation Service South Dakota in Cooperation with South Dakota, Department of Environment and Natural Resources and Hand County Conservation District."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11707-011-0189-7","article-title":"Evaluation of sediment yield in PSIAC and MPSIAC models by using GIS at Toroq Watershed, Northeast of Iran","volume":"6","author":"Daneshvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-017-3123-9","article-title":"Investigation of RS and GIS techniques on MPSIAC model to estimate soil erosion","volume":"91","author":"Noori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1504\/IJGENVI.2019.098890","article-title":"Evaluation of sediment yield (Qs) in Bishezard watershed located southwest of Iran, using PSIAC and MPSIAC models","volume":"18","author":"Zarei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Glob. Environ. Issues"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-007-0992-3","article-title":"Deciphering Potential Groundwater Zone in Hard Rock through the Application of GIS","volume":"55","author":"Prasad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-010-0860-4","article-title":"Morphometric Evaluation of Papanasam and Manimuthar Watersheds, Part of Western Ghats, Tirunelueli Distric, Tamil Nadu, India: A GIS Approach","volume":"64","author":"Magesh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.248.9.655","article-title":"Standards for Grading Textures of Erosional Topography","volume":"248","author":"Smith","year":"1950","journal-title":"Am. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"31","article-title":"Morphometric Analysis of Kanhar River Basin","volume":"43","author":"Singh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Natl. Geogr. J. India"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-006-0297-y","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of a subtropical Andean basin (Tucumam, Argentina)","volume":"50","author":"Mesa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"69","article-title":"Morphometric parameter extraction and analysis for watershed periodization over the Naka Roud Catchment","volume":"5","author":"Sharifikia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Ecohydrol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-012-2086-0","article-title":"Prioritization of Malesari Mini-Watersheds through Morphometric Analysis: A Remote Sensing and GIS Perspective","volume":"69","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2014\/v7i10.18","article-title":"Morphometric Analysis for Prioritization using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in a Hilly Catchment in the State of Uttarakhand, India","volume":"7","author":"Khare","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqpro.2015.02.172","article-title":"Prioritization of sub-watersheds based on morphometric characteristics using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and geographical information system\u2014a study of Kallar Watershed. Tamil Nadu","volume":"4","author":"Aruchamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1","article-title":"A remote sensing and GIS approach for prioritization ofWadi Shueib Mini-Watersheds (Central Jordan) based on morphometric and Soil erosion susceptibility analysis","volume":"8","author":"Farhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Erodibility prioritization of subwatersheds using morphometric parameters analysis and its mapping: A comparison among TOPSIS, VIKOR, SAW, and CF multi-criteria decision making models","volume":"613\u2013614","author":"Arabameri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arabameri, A., Cerda, A., Rodrigo-Comino, J., Pradhan, B., Sohrabi, M., Blaschke, T., and Tien Bui, D. (2019). Proposing a Novel Predictive Technique for Gully Erosion Susceptibility Mapping in Arid and Semi-arid Regions (Iran). Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212577"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/5\/874\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:05:28Z","timestamp":1760173528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/5\/874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12050874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12050874","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]]}}}