{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:18:02Z","timestamp":1780525082932,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005667","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o do Estado de Santa Catarina","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017TR1762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017TR1762"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005667","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["313887\/2018-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313887\/2018-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310128\/2018-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310128\/2018-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009523","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento da UNESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3030\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3030\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009523","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a framework based on machine learning algorithms to predict nutrient content in leaf hyperspectral measurements. This is the first approach to evaluate macro- and micronutrient content with both machine learning and reflectance\/first-derivative data. For this, citrus-leaves collected at a Valencia-orange orchard were used. Their spectral data was measured with a Fieldspec ASD FieldSpec\u00ae HandHeld 2 spectroradiometer and the surface reflectance and first-derivative spectra from the spectral range of 380 to 1020 nm (640 spectral bands) was evaluated. A total of 320 spectral signatures were collected, and the leaf-nutrient content (N, P, K, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) was associated with them. For this, 204,800 (320 \u00d7 640) combinations were used. The following machine learning algorithms were used in this framework: k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Lasso Regression, Ridge Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Decision Tree (DT), and Random Forest (RF). The training methods were assessed based on Cross-Validation and Leave-One-Out. The Relief-F metric of the algorithms\u2019 prediction was used to determine the most contributive wavelength or spectral region associated with each nutrient. This approach was able to return, with high predictions (R2), nutrients like N (0.912), Mg (0.832), Cu (0.861), Mn (0.898), and Zn (0.855), and, to a lesser extent, P (0.771), K (0.763), and S (0.727). These accuracies were obtained with different algorithms, but RF was the most suitable to model most of them. The results indicate that, for the Valencia-orange leaves, surface reflectance data is more suitable to predict macronutrients, while first-derivative spectra is better linked to micronutrients. A final contribution of this study is the identification of the wavelengths responsible for contributing to these predictions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12060906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T12:22:51Z","timestamp":1584015771000},"page":"906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["A Machine Learning Framework to Predict Nutrient Content in Valencia-Orange Leaf Hyperspectral Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0258-536X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Prado","family":"Osco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Architecture, and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6633-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula Marques","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Regional Development, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayara Maezano","family":"Faita Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Regional Development, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9rika Akemi Saito","family":"Moriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), 19060-900 Presidente Prudente, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0516-0567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilton Nobuhiro","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), 19060-900 Presidente Prudente, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5249-3893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayara","family":"Estrabis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Architecture, and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2558-3487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Ianczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Architecture, and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4614-9260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio Fernando de","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0564-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veraldo","family":"Liesenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Engineering Department, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), 88520-000 Conta Dinheiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8341-3203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00facio Andr\u00e9 de Castro","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center of Development of Agricultural Instrumentation, Brazilian Agricultural Research Agency (EMBRAPA), 13560-970 S\u00e3o Carlos, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7899-0049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management and Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo (UW), Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8893-9693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingfei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management and Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo (UW), Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8815-6653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley Nunes","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Architecture, and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9096-6866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Marcato Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Architecture, and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Eduardo Creste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 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